Sc.D. Knigavko V. G., Ph.D. Radzishevskaya E. B., Kocharova T. R.,
Lad S.N.
Kharkov
national medical university,
Ukraine
Fundamentals of Cybernetics, as a part of course in
medical informatics for Universities
The course of
information technology is now an integral part of the training of specialists
in higher education.
Steady
integration of the healthcare industry with high technology leads the course of
Medical Informatics (MI) on a fundamentally different level, shifting its focus from teaching students the basics computer skills towards an interdisciplinary subject, having a general scientific and educational
importance [1]. Taking into account the professional
point of application - a human, his health and ill health - in our opinion, a
triad from system analysis, cybernetics and decision-making should be the basic
in teaching students the basics of information technology. Guided by this ideology, Kharkiv National Medical University
and Kharkov University
of Radio Electronics developed and implemented in practice the
teaching of these MI topics.
A human and his environment is the
most complicated system where different events arise as the result of
interaction of multiple various elements. While influencing some system
events, one can never be sure that it won't lead to such a reaction of the
system which will destroy all the efforts for the achievement of the set aims.
That's why in order to augment chances for the favorable outcome, there should
be the active, purposeful and thought-out influence on the course of event, in
other words, the control is needed. Based on this paradigm, learning the basics
of cybernetics begins with an introduction to the concepts of control, object
and control subject [2].
The analysis
of general control scheme urges students to the necessary cognition of the self-regulatory
mode, the concepts of direct
communication, positive and negative feedback. We introduce the notion of control algorithm, as the aggregate of rules according to which the
information which enters the controlling system, is transformed into
controlling signals, is called the control algorithm (law).
It is to be underlined that the main task of the controlling system (control
subject) is such a transformation of the information which enters the system
and formation of such controlling impacts which provide the achievement of
control aims.
Under
the influence of controlling impacts the system takes the best (in a certain
meaning) state, than during the absence of controlling impacts [3].
Clinical
medicine today is the modern industrial technology which demands
scientifically-based approaches to control .
Under
the control of the quality of medical help the following options are
meant:
-
organization of the correct handling of healthy people (discovering the risk
factors);
-
organization of the correct prophylactics of diseases in the groups of risk;
- organization of the correct treatment and correct
rehabilitation of patients.
The
aim of such control is obtaining maximally possible results taking into account
the modern level of knowledge at minimal level of expenses.
Within the framework of investigated problem, considerable attention is paid to the subject, method and content of
the biological and functional cybernetics.
The study of the functional cybernetics begins with a consideration of the main clauses of
the general theory of functional systems and principles of interaction of
functional systems in an organism.
Principles
and features of organism's functional systems need to be taken into account
during the consideration of the common functioning of different organs. It is
possible to evaluate the casual relationship of the events by means of
following direct communications and feedbacks: from controlling centers to the
result of work of executive organs and back to controlling centers.
In
every functional system the main cybernetic principles are executed:
– regulation by the final result with
feedbacks,
– information evaluation of the final result.
The
usage of the functional cybernetics allows to distinguish in the general
dynamics of the activity of vital functions the most important links, the
impact of which can augment the life potential of an organism.
Regulation
of the organs' functions, their systems and human's organism in general with
the aim to keep the homeostasis at extreme conditions and pathology makes up
the basis of the wide area of research – medical cybernetics.
Medical
cybernetics studies the functions of the human's organism, on the basis of the
control laws, and also considers the problems of treatment and disease
prophylactics on the basis of the control laws, objectively peculiar to all
natural and artificial objects [4].
A
living organism in general and its separate elements in particular are
considered to be systems where the information perception, accumulation,
procession and transmission take place and also the corresponding reactions are
developed (control actions), which provide the normal course of all the vitally
important processes. From the point of view of the medical cybernetics any
disease is considered to be the violation of the processes of information
receipt, transmission and procession or the result of the wrong controlling
impact (wrongly prescribed treatment) [5].
Medical
diagnostic process is also a typical cybernetic process and is connected with
the information accumulation, transmission, storage and procession [6]. The
analysis of the diagnosing process by a doctor showed that only this process in
the insignificant level depends on the intuition. In general, during diagnosing
a doctor widely uses the experience accumulated in his memory, data obtained
during the examination of a patient and acts according to the certain rules,
which he was either been taught or he has achieved himself in the process of
the medical practice. This way, a doctor acts in accordance with the diagnostic
algorithm.
Therefore, the basic knowledge of cybernetics and their application on the human body is an
essential link in the formation
of a scientific outlook of future
medical specialist and a necessary stage in his training [7].
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