ESSAY AS AN EDUCATIONAL TASK FOR UNIVERSALIZATION
OF CERTAIN AGE PHASE
Ahtayeva N.S., Abiyeva Zh., Bayshukurova A.K,
al-Farabi Kazakh National University
Atthelasttimetherearedifferenttypesofessaysinamethodologicalarsenalof
academic. Essayasaliterature-criticalpublicationorbelles-lettres genre
isasmall-sizeprosaiccomposition (fromhalf-listtosesquialterlist) aboutespecial
question written in free, individual-author style. A word "essay"
came in Russian from French and historically ascends to the Latin word of
exagium (weighing). It is especially effectively possible to use him for the
study of course "Psychology of development". This course allows to include some personal experience
of students, their remembrances about the childhood, teen ages, continuing
youth, and also the personal watching
to their sisters and brothers, parents,
grandmothers and grand-dads, that can
be used as illustration, examples to vindicate theories of science.
Allows to compare scientific achievements in this area and modern carriers of this
knowledge. At the completion of study of the certain age-related period the
students are offered to write the essay as generalization of the knowledge in
the following way:
·
What is the most important thing in
this period?
·
What unique possibilities are in
this period, which are not related with other age periods?
·
What thing makes human happy in this
period of age?
·
Scientific vehicle characterizing
this age
We give to your attention the students opinions to these age-related
periods.
Infancy
The period of infancy
comes from the moment of birth to year. The most important things in this age are:
emotional communication, close affinity for mother. According to the fact that a baby is a helpless creature, he
fully depends on adults. Thefact allows to consider a child a maximally social
creature. In contradiction between maximal sociality and minimum possibilities
of communication there is a basis of all development of child in infancy.
There are unique
possibilities and phenomena in this age, for example, a "complex of
revival" is a specific form of reacting on a man (social smile). General
principle of development is: sensory development passes ahead a motor, which
distinguishes him from the babies of animals. Child's amnesia is the phenomenon
of forgetting first 3-4 years of the life.
The thing that often
makes baby happy is the emotional, physical close affinity between baby and his
mother, as it satisfies the necessity of safety, forms a trust to the world.
It is possible to
relegate “hospitalism”to the basic scientific concepts of early age, whichmeans
deceleration and distortion of development of children because of being of them
in the unfavorable terms of house establishments. A "crisis of
new-born" is the first critical period of development of child that has
not a single folded form of behavior; it is the first trauma that is
experienced by a child.
Childhood
Childhood is the period
from two to ten years of human development, when he studies to understand and
cognize the surrounding world. There is an intensive development of cognitive
processes. During childhood there is intensive physical and psychical
development. Babyhood is from two to three years, preschool age is from three
to six years, midchildhood is from six to ten years.
There are such unique
phenomenons, as forming of "I-concepts", cognitive activity by means
of game becomes leading activity. There is also a peculiarity, which is
presented in aspiring to independence, differentiation of sexual belonging,
pattern of behavior.
The thing that often
makes a child happy is satisfactions of the curiosity to the surrounding world,
active playing activity, intermingling with coevals.
It is possible to take
such concepts, as "crisis of three years"to the scientific vehicle,
which means the symptoms of negativism, obstinacy, obstinacy, self-will,
depreciation of adults, protest-rebelling. Most clearly and in detail it is given
in "About personality of three-year child"by Elsa Keler.
Teens
Period of teens from
eleven to seventeen years by G. Krayg is very bright and difficult period. Most
important in this age is a search itself, fascinations, aims, and also
self-expression. It is important for a teenager that adults don’t treat him
like a child.
The unique phenomena of
this age is an interest in opposite sex, change of hormonal line-up and on this
background of mental condition. Leading activity is intimately-personality
communication. Openingandclaimofthe "I" system.
The thing that makes
teen happy is satisfaction in necessities to differ from other, intermingling
with coevals, being of the place in the system of human mutual relations.
"Sense of
adultness" isadesire of teenager tobelikeadults. "Prosocialbehavior"
is a positivebehavior, altruism, which issocial. In this period a teenager has the
task of consciousness and self-determination stands in the system of values and
relations between people.
R. Hevigherst
distinguishes next directions of development:
In connection with
pubescence and physical changes a teenager must build new corporal character I,
to form a sexual identity.
It is important to
develop interpersonal skills, included in the group of coevals
To build new relations
in family on the basis of emotional independence and autonomy at maintenance of
material and psychological support
Development of abstract
thought
Forming of the system of
values and vital philosophy
There is
self-determination in area of education and profession
Preparation to domestic
life.
Adultness
Adult is a social role
in society, qualificator the set of the rights and duties, accepted in this
society. What be more, it is the man, in a greater degree realized and able to
undertake responsibility for all that takes place in his life without
reservations. Possessing skills: to listen and hear, look and see, talk and
report the idea to wider public, to acknowledge and accept, be sorry, and also
collect information, analyze, make decision and bear responsibility for this
decision and result. Maturity is the period of life (borders are determined
differently: 65 from 30-35 to and depend on individuality of man) protracted
and most meaningful for most people. Usually maturity is linked in course of
time care on a pension. In obedience to E.Erickson, maturity embraces time 65
from 25 to, i.e. 40 of life. Analyzing maturity as seventh stage of human life,
he considered her central on all course of life of man.
A social situation of
development in maturity is a situation of realization itself, complete opening
of the potential in professional activity and domestic relations.
In the modern
age-related psychology there are different points of view on the problem of
development in mature age:
à) Development ceases,
replaced by the simple change of separate psychological descriptions;
á) It is age of not only
maintenance all purchased before but also further development of personality;
â) Reforms both bodily
condition of man and his description as personalities and subject of activity
(V.G. Ananyev).
An adultness is a
category psychological, taking into account own attitude of man toward age,
experiencing, to the new age category.
In an adultness next new
personality descriptions register:
It is ability to
undertake responsibility;
It is aspiring to power
and organizational capabilities;
It is a capacity for
emotional and intellectual support other;
It is a confidence in
itself and purposefulness;
It is propensity to
philosophical generalizations;
It is defense of the
system of own principles and vital values;
It is ability to resist
to the problems of reality by means of the developed will;
It is forming of
individual vital style;
It is aspiration to have
influence on the world and "give" individual experience to the young
generation;
It is realism, sobriety
in estimations and sense of "done" life;
It is stabilizing of the
system of social roles of and other.
It is possible to
consider the productivity the central age-related new formation of maturity.
The concept of the productivity, by Erickson, plugs both the creative and
productive (professional) productivity and deposit in education and statement
in life of the following generations; it is related to caring "about
people, results and to the ideas to that a man professes interest".
Absence of the productivity, sluggishness draws a concentration on itself,
which results in an indolence and stagnation, personality devastation. In
psychology such situation is described as a crisis of maturity. A man
personality does not feel taking place, and the life - filled with senses.
On beginning of middle
age there is the so-called "crisis of middle age" (or "crisis of
middle of life"), conditioned by the loss of sense of life as the personal
achievements, by realization of extremity of life and impossibility to begin it
again. The method of overcoming of crisis switching can serve as from the
personal needs to public and finding of new sense in service to society and
future generations.
Age:
60 and older
Problem of man in his
latest years of lifetime is the most actual problem in our days. According to
the prognoses of scientists to 2050 the number of elderly people will increase
in two times. In this connection there is a row of questions: how can we provide
full life to the elderly people, how to promote their own meaningfulness in the
eyes of public, to organize communication the shortage of that they are on with
age growingly?
It is known that the
moral health of society is determined by quality of life of his senior
generation. What will be anymore content with by the life our old men, the more
young people will draw inspiration from the elderly parents, and their children
will have a source and depository for a caress and heat. Many researchers of problem of elderly
people consider that this age can be age of acquisitions, creative longevity,
if, beginning from small and ending scientists, practices-psychologists,
physicians, development workers will together make effort for the decision of problems
of elderly people, especially in the increase of own meaningfulness in this age
as a bar of personality, to examine
own meaningfulness as component of self-appraisal of personality.
The main feature of this age is an aging process. In
this connection they have a row of corresponding necessities:
1. A requirement is in maintenance of physical health;
2. A requirement is in positive attention;
3. A requirement is in material stability;
4. Pension period;
5. Necessity to conduct plenty of time in
retrospection.
For a man in this period these necessities are most
essential.
A man in declining years counts on attention and
caring not only from the side of native and near but also from the side of the
state. Possibility of the favorable use by transport vehicles, payment of
social manuals, help in social service - all these factors create a certain
atmosphere in society, allowing to the elderly people to feel necessary and
continue positively functioning. The state must pay
attention to grandmothers and grand-dads, creating to them terms for stable,
quiet and glad old age.
In old age most vital plans
lost the actuality, and the most productive periods of life remained in the
past and people in this age are inclined anymore íîñòàëüãèðîâàòü, for them a value presents their past. A
desire to free oneself from row of labor duties and by aspiration to narrow the
sphere of responsibility appears for people.
However the many elderly
stop to conduct active vital functions. Many devote to caring about
grandchildren, to the help to the children or accent attention on a hobby (practicing
music, painting etc.), are even those that continue professional activity.
The thing which makes elders happy consists in safe
old age and in realization that they obtained the set aims. They need, that
reflecting about the life, they could say that content with her, that they left
after itself some track, continuation itself or in descendants, or in creative
achievements. Also for happiness they need attention and caring, when they are
perceived as not burden and problem, and love simply for that they are and yet
until now living.
Scientific vehicle ofthe age:
Gerontogenez- one of the age-related periods in life of man is an aging period,that
begins after 60.
Tertiary
memory is memory on remote events, for example, for elderly
people it can be remembrance about the events of childhood or early youth.
Wisdom
is the consulting model of knowledge of man, oriented
to the practical side of life and allowing taking away the self-weighted
judgment and giving the useful councils of vitally important questions.
A
dementia is a whole complex of violations, including the
defects of cognition, making progress amnesia and changes the personalities
related to the offensive of old age.
A
senile dementia is an organic disease of brain,
affecting adequacy of thinking of man.
The
Alzheimer’s disease is a defiant imbecility
disease, at that there is making progress destruction of cages of cerebrum, an
especially crust.
Autopsy is method of research in modern medicine, consisting in necropsy of the
dead man.
A
histological analysis is the method of modern
medicine, used for research of features of structure and development of fabrics
of human organism.
Senile
name-plates are a compression of blood vessels,
defiant worsening of blood supply, what normal work of internal organs is
violated because of.
Neurofibrils are an anatomic element of structure of nervous fibre.
Micro
insultis sharp violation of cerebral blood supply.
A
heart Multiattack dementia is a decline of
intellectual level, coming suddenly, as a row of unexpected symptoms, caused by
a stroke or series of ìèêðîèíñóëüòîâ.
A
Pre-senile psychosis is peculiar to the distribution
of psychical processes, as a result a man cannot comprehend what be going on,
it is adequate to analyze a situation and her development. Hereupon a man
inadequately reacts on surrounding people, situation; does not give a report in
the actions and cannot manage them.
Depression (from lat. depressio is depression) is the oppressed, low-spirited
mental condition; highly emotional state, being characterized a negative
emotional background, by a change motivational, cognitive spheres, by general
passivity of behavior.
Delirium
- false, conditioned by sickly reasons judgment,
arising up for a man without adequate external occasions, uncoupling to
dissuading and always involving personality of patient, is objective. Unlike erroneous
judgments, a delirium is not corrected at dissuading or elucidation.
Adeliriumresistseventotheweightiestreasons.
Involution of personality is the "reverse"
development of personality, related to simplification, rolling up or loss basic
socially meaningful personality descriptions.
An
abulia is an anomaly of motivation of man, being
characterized the sharp weakening of force of necessities.
The
positive functioning is feeling of
psychological prosperity in the different types of activity that allows to the
senior to be satisfied with the life in old age.
Social
comparison is comparing of the position to position of the same
elderly people.
The
social integrating is maintenance by the
man of meaningful roles, social reference-points and reviewer groups.
Ego-integrationis sense of completeness on the climactic segment of life cycle; shows
up in realization a man that the main matter of life is realized, including
work, achievements and family.
Gipertim is personality of gipertim type. Central properties of personality of
this type it is been: optimism, enhance able background of mood, activity,
sociability, imitativeness, social flexibility and lightness in communication,
some superficiality in interpersonal relations, optionalness, easy attitude
toward the questions of moral. Heavily carry loneliness, discipline and
limitation of their activity.
Psychostenicis personality of psychostenic type. Leading properties of personality
it is been: enhance able anxiety, timidity, lack of confidence, propensity to
the heavy doubts and vibrations at making decision, call of duty and
responsibility, electiveness, developed beyond measure, but at the same time
dread of responsibility, uneasy fussiness at execution incumbent to them
businesses, inclination carefully to think over the behavior in forthcoming
situations, propensity to judgments and deductions of magic type (propensity to
"thinking", sensitiveness to the signs). Vital style is in a great
deal conditioned by dread of failure.
Epileptoid
is personality of epileptoid type. Leading properties
it is been: ðèãèäíîñòü (inflexibility, "viscidity") showing up in an emotional
sphere (slow unidirectional forming of emotional reaction with her subsequent
permission in form explosion, "rancor", stability of feelings), in
thinking (fixing on a theme, circumstantiality), in behavior
(persistence,persistence); concentration of interests on material prosperity,
own health; exactness, thrift, prudence; tension and force of appetences;
differentiated attitude toward people on the vertical line of power : in
relation to higher is obsequiousness, electiveness, to lower-level is
inflexibility, up to cruelty; at the same time attacks of sentimentality.
Such
creative tasks create pre-conditions for the realized and intelligent look to
the own course of life, assists the search of resources unique for each of
ages, and establishment to the mutual understanding with people, being on other
stages of life.
Literature:
1.
Psychology of man from birth to death. Psychological atlas of man /under À.À.
Rean redaction. – Ì; St. P., 2010. – 651p.
2.Andrey
Grecov. Training of creativity for senior pupils and students. St. P.: 2007. -
p. 184.