Экономические науки/региональная экономика
Ph.D. in Economics, Shnyakina Y.R.
Volga State University of Service, Russia
Systematization of scientific views
on the priorities of spatial development of regions
In
terms of socio-economic transformation of the regions, raise the profile of the
regional aspects of the functioning and development of the economy is important
to study and reinterpretation of history embodied aspects of formation and
establishment of the Russian territories, structural studies of regional and
economic structures, problems of spatial development of regions.
Problems
of territorial economic structure of the state originally found in the writings
of scientific reflection of Moscow State University, Radishchev, K. Arseniev,
Mendeleev, Nikolai Chernyshevsky, PP Semenov N.P . Ogarev, etc.
Given
the orientation of the economy in the primary sector, as a basis for zoning was
originally adopted environmental factors and climate areas. Lomonosov
repeatedly expressed the idea of the need to research issues of zoning, natural
resources of Siberia and it belongs to him saying that "Russia's power
will grow Siberia and the northern ocean." Radishchev first in the country
recognized the need for a scientific approach to the territorial division of the
country. The first attempt at division of Russia into districts (space) belongs
to KI Arseniev, who proposed to divide the country into 10 spaces, bringing
together the province. Semenov in 1871 suggested that in order to organize
statistical classification division of the European part of Russia on 14
"natural" areas of the union is not the provinces and districts on
the natural geographical features and economic and social differences.
Significant contribution to addressing territorial introduced NP Ogarev, to
substantiate the "principle of uniformity" in the classification of
the economic regions of Russia. One of the first, he suggested the advisability
of specialized areas, the official government review of the
administrative-territorial division, including the transport, economic and
other factors.
Various
aspects of the issues identified in the well-known scientists have investigated
IG Aleksandrov, AA Bogdanov, N. Baranskii, V. Vernadsky, N. Kondratyev, N.
Kolosovsky, etc. The first all-Russian scientific center for regional studies
was the Commission for the Study of Natural Productive Forces, founded by an
Academician VI Vernadsky.
The
origin and formation of the regional economy as a scientific field, enveloped
on three different length step 20c.:
The
first stage of 20-60 s's., Marked the beginning of large-scale practical
territorial and economic research and the creation of prerequisites for the
formation of the regional economy. Since 20-ies, the commission of leading
scientists have developed the scheme of economic zoning of the country that
have been used in terms of electrification and five-year economic development
plans of the USSR. The theoretical justification for economic regionalization
and associated formation of regional economic complexes is most developed in
the writings of N. Kolosovsky, one of the founders of the Soviet district
school of economic geography. He was first introduced into scientific concepts
such as energy production cycle, territorial-production complex, formulated the
basic concepts of economic regionalization, which essentially boils down to
this:
- The
entire country is divided into economic regions, formed by the production
characteristics and representing in the aggregate a complete system of regional
combinations of productive forces.
- Each
economic region is fully economically developed area that combines natural
resources, production facilities, the people with his skills, transport
facilities and other tangible assets most advantageously in the form of a combination
of spatial production.
- The
main economic problem of the functioning of each territorial production mix is
to fulfill the targets of national importance with regard to the geographical
location of the area, traffic conditions, profitability of the exploitation of
resources, raw materials, energy, labor, as well as defensive purposes.
-
Implementation of the basic economic problem leads to the specialization of
each economic region in the spheres of production which it can be developed
more fully and profitably, including all industrial, energy and transport
links. Each district provides comprehensive economic development on its
territory to the fullest satisfaction of the local industrial and consumer
needs through local sources of raw materials and energy.
-
Scientific and technical policy is individualized by economic regions. Achieve
the highest efficiency combined processes in the processing of raw materials,
energy production, use, labor and equipment, leading to the creation of
regional manufacturing plants and industrial-territorial complexes.
For
each economic region established three categories of industries: the regional,
inter-regional and national importance.
- The
development of each area is carried out in a way that facilitates the overall
development of the country.
In the 1938-1940-years. Gosplan was a
scheme of regionalization of the country, divided into 13 economic regions,
with aggregate economic principles, such as the structure of the economy,
infrastructure, development of transport availability etc.
For the
second stage - from the 60s to the 90s - is characterized by the deepening of
territorial and economic research, the emergence of new approaches for regional
development of productive forces allocation. The growth of economic research at
the regional level falls to 60-70 s of the last century. It was during this
period, Academician NN Nekrasov was introduced into scientific concept of
"region", by which he meant "a large territory with a more or
less homogeneous environmental conditions." According to scientists
regionistov that period, the region acted only as the concentration of
population and natural resources, production and consumption of goods,
services. Despite the lack of multi-functional and multi-faceted approach to
the system of regional development, through the efforts of leading scientists
in the country to remove form the scientific school of integrated distribution
of productive forces and the regional economy.
Later
in the framework of regionalization of the country were laid objective factors,
in particular the territorial division of social labor, comprehensive economic
development areas, the alignment of levels of economic development, taking into
account the administrative division. The most strong point of the national
school of the regional economy have been studies that provide scheduling of the
productive forces and regional development. These studies were designed to
implement radical changes in the distribution of productive forces, the
development of regional programs and investment projects, the creation of
methodological principles of spatial planning and management.
The
third stage - from the beginning of the 90s - is characterized by adaptation of
the regional economy in the transformation of the economic situation of the
country. Changing forms of governance has led to the formation of new research
directions and problems of territorial development based on its political,
economic and social reorientation.
The
modern period of transformation of the economy has strengthened the role and
importance of regions and sharply outlined the problem of developing guidelines
for their development. The region is becoming the focus of economic and
political relations. It is particularly important in this situation to
determine the specifics and priorities of the formation and development of
regional economy, based on the comparative advantages of a particular region,
especially its historical and cultural development.
The
accumulated experience of domestic economic reform suggests that the lack of an
integrated on the one hand, on the other - a personalized approach to the
development of specific regions has led to low implementation of reforms in the
field.
In each
region, along with the general laws of development of a spatial differentiation
of the climatic, geographic, socio-economic, environmental and other
conditions. This makes it necessary to save the one hand the country's
integrity, but on the other - strengthening the unique advantages of a single territory.
In modern conditions the Russian regions should ensure that its social and
economic self-sufficiency with the help of a new methodology for territorial
control, which allows itself to meet the basic needs of the spatial development
of the territory and population from its own resources.
Historical
experience suggests that the regions are in constant search of their intrinsic
paths of development, in the context of constantly changing internal and
external factors, emerging societal needs. Under the spatial development of the
region, as a rule, understand the irreversible, directed and natural process of
acquiring new characteristics, the quantitative growth and qualitative
improvement of its structure. In modern terms, one of the challenges facing the
region is the problem of setting priorities of spatial development. The region
needs to understand what factors contribute to its spatial development, and
which hamper.
During
the long evolution of economic thought and knowledge in the development of social
production, the representatives of the various theories stand out as factors of
production resources to produce goods and services. In classical economic
theory has received disclosure of the combination of the three components of
the resource potential: land, labor and capital. Representatives of
neoclassical economic theory have added two kinds of resources,
entrepreneurship and innovation. That is, the use of innovation, according to
J. Schumpeter, defines the possibility of a more efficient use of other
resources. [2] In the further development of the representatives of
neo-classical base for economic development is a landmark on internal
resources. According to them, rare resources can be overcome by investment in
new knowledge.
In
modern terms, the most comprehensive list of resources is the basis for
economic growth and development of the region can be summarized as follows:
• Land
(natural resources);
•
Capital (financial resources);
• Work
(human resources);
• The
business ideas, abilities;
• Innovation;
• Information;
• Knowledge;
• Management capabilities.
The
degree of utilization of each resource depends on the nature and structure of
the region's economy. As a rule, for the extractive industries is characterized
by the predominant use of resources such as land and capital. Manufacturing
industries are much more active use of these types of resources such as labor
and innovation. Service complex regional economies focused on the active use as
a resource of information and knowledge.
Many
regions are characterized by a high level of provision of different types of
natural resources, occupy only a favorable geographical and geopolitical
position in the economic area of the country. The results of inter-regional
comparisons have shown that as the highly favor those regions in which the
added value generated by the consumption of natural resources in their
territory. Conversely, regions where the added value is created only through
the use of labor and capital resources, in most cases act as underdeveloped.
Potential resource areas of exclusivity to a large extent by the positive
effects of the space occupied by Russia - its total length, while a good
location for European and Asian markets. [1]
There
is still a misconception about the natural resources as the wealth. But wealth
- is that you can use today, and without prejudice to the future. The use of
the resources of the environment in the process of economic activity, whether
it be mining or industrial waste emissions into the atmosphere and water
bodies, leading to their gradual depletion: declining reserves of mineral and
fuel resources, reduced assimilation capacity of the ecosystem. In accordance
with the concept of sustainable development environmental degradation in
economic activity reduces the possibility of reproduction and further
development entails increased costs for future generations to meet their needs.
With regard to Russia and its regions, natural resources - only factors or
conditions for wealth creation. Particular attention should be paid to the fact
that the lack of incentives for more efficient use of natural resources leads
to their enhanced spending and resources desbalansirovannosti with current and
future needs.
In the
transition to a postindustrial economy, a significant impact on the efficient
use of resources in the region has its structural component. The main factors
in this case is the proportion of high-quality resources (modern technology,
qualified personnel, the unique knowledge and information) within the resources
of the region corresponding to the current and future demand for resources that
contribute to the spatial development of the region.
The
spatial development of the region - is a multidimensional and multifaceted
process of functioning of a regional system that focuses on the positive
dynamics of parameters of the level and quality of life, sustainable, balanced
and multi-factorial reproduction of social, economic, resource and
environmental potentials of the territory.
The
underlying principle of the spatial development of the region must be his
systematic. This means that the importance for regional development is the
synthesis of an interrelated combination of management, production, economic,
social, ecological and innovative subsystems, providing the internal structure
and integrity, an understanding of the role and place of each subsystem to
create the overall effect on the achievement of a common strategic objective.
Coordinated interaction of the participants of the regional environment creates
an overall effect that exceeds the sum of the effects of independent actors.
Currently, there is often opposition to industrial and environmental
objectives, economic efficiency and social justice, and therefore, there is a
need for compromise (optimal combination), with the regional interests.
The
influence of economic factors on social welfare, the needs of the region's
population in terms of development and sophistication of market relations is
extremely increased. Situation in the region must be considered from the
standpoint of the economy, and in terms of social services. Achieving economic
results without innovation in the social sphere will lead to the return of
principle - the production for production's sake. Therefore, in a regional
development economic factors that determine the degree of stability of the
socio - economic situation, as well as social and psychological factors play a
role. [3]
Operation
and development of the region is crucial to ensure normal living conditions,
the growth of purchasing power and welfare. Development of the region suggests
a qualitative change in the basic characteristics of the vital processes of
population reproduction of individual or a number of properties, a variety of
processes, interactions and relationships at a higher level.
Lack of
development of socio-economic infrastructure of most Russian regions is
associated with problems: the effective functioning and development of key
sectors such as industrial, construction and transport systems; limitations of
regional finances, lack of ivestitsionno-innovation, as well as underestimating
the role of services in the operation and development of the region.
It
should be noted that the problems of regional development are considered in
detail by domestic and foreign authors, among them G. Gutman, A. Shvetsov, VN
Lexin, AI Tatarkin and others published works quite deeply and thoroughly
investigated the various aspects of the study subjects. However, recognizing
the significant contribution of these research results and scientists, we
should note that they all emphasize the importance of industry and so-called
basic industries in the region's development. Of course, we can not agree with
the authors that the industry - an important part of a single economic complex
of the region. Growth, development level and industrial structure - the
underlying performance is not only quantitative but also qualitative
characteristics of the economy and the prosperity of the region. The degree of
development of the industry depends on the technical level of production, the
structure of regional economy, the territorial organization. However, in modern
conditions, the development of the region is provided not so much quantity
produced and sold goods on its territory, as the efficiency of asset
management, the involvement of finance, technology, the most qualified
personnel. System cost and gross indicators of the level of regional
development is losing its relevance. Regions with comparatively high rates of
physical volumes of production, amount of investment involved and the size of
the SSA no longer be regarded as the absolute leader development. The level of
production in so-called basic industries ceased to be a decisive factor for
regional development. In some regions, such as Ivanovo, Saratov and Yaroslavl
regions, Dagestan Republic, the Chuvash Republic, etc. The situation in the
real economy remains extremely tense. The improvement was observed only in
small regions, including Sakhalin, the Tambov region, Karachai-Cherkess
Republic. Typical remain common problems for the real sector of the economy:
-
Reduction of production volumes;
-
Reduction of working capital;
-
Suspension of the implementation of investment projects;
-
Unavailability of credit in attracting additional resources;
- The
need for public support;
- -
Delay of salary;
-
Optimization of the administrative and operating costs (including by reducing
the number of employees);
- The
growth of accounts receivable and payable;
-
Increasing aggressiveness of the marketing policy;
- A
tense social situation in the workplace.
In the
economic area of the region, along with industry, agro-produce,
fiscal system, and service complex, which provides production services and
consumer, and ultimately enabling the reproduction of the conditions of life in
the region.
In the
service complex of the region can be isolated following subsystems:
-
Production infrastructure, which is a set of life-support systems of the region
and ensuring the sharing of the industry and businesses;
-
Social sphere, directly providing
social
services for the population of the region;
-
Social infrastructure, which is the material basis
functioning
of the social sectors in the region;
-
Consumer services - public utility, municipal, construction and repair of the
goods ordered, etc. For services have higher profits than for industrial and
agricultural sectors. Over 50% of total employment has been in services. The
development of this sector of the economy of the region supports the driving
factor of competitiveness of the territory. The services sector has become
attractive for business, as some industries require little or no large initial
capital (consulting services), others - due to their lack of development can
receive the founders profit (financial, trust). In addition, service providers
and acts as an infrastructure component of the region that performs the
following functions:
1.
Provision of certain activities in the area;
2.
Creating the conditions for the functioning of enterprises, organizations and
institutions in the region and staff;
3.
Preparation conditions for the functioning of social capital;
4.
Formation of optimal conditions of material production and consumption.
Therefore,
services such as infrastructure in the region serves as the foundation for the
development of all sectors of the economy. Availability of infrastructure is a
prerequisite for the effective functioning of regional actors. As a
consequence, more efficient use of resources in the region. In the present
circumstances, when the post-industrial trends appear regions is necessary to
determine the regional benefits, not only in the production of material goods
but also in services. The region must learn to "export" services to
other regions. The combined effects of multiple factors in the development of
services provides a multiplier effect on other sectors of economic ¬ ki,
spheres of human activity, which manifests itself in the deepening of
inter-sectoral and economic links, to enhance the integration between them.
Thus, a single economic space in the region can be formed only when the total
regional economic processes in the complexes will have a fairly similar
structure and develop balance.
Literature:
1.A.A.Vinokurov
development of productive forces of the Russian Federation: The natural
resource conditions / / Regional Economics: Theory and Practice, № 4 (31) -2006
April, p.35-40
2.Petrosyan O.SH.
Creating a favorable business areas of the region: a monograph /
O.Sh.Petrosyan.-M.: UNITY-DANA: Law and Order, 2009 .- 207 sec.
3.Shnyakina YR
Resource aspect of balanced regional development / UR Shnyakin / / Herald
PVGUS, a series of Economics, Issue number 5 (13) 2010 № 5 - p. 40-45 - 0.7 pp.