Application of introduction of steppe cherry is in
Western Kazakhstan
West
Kazakhstan agrarian and technical university of a name Zhangir of the khan
Kuspanova B. K.
Kabayeva S. M.
masters of
ecology
In
the conditions of our area the most important measures of their protection is
restoration of natural genetic structure of populations; maintenance of natural
structure of populations assumes definiteness of shaped accessory of each
sapling used in reforestation and selection. Besides, it should be noted that
preservation of wild forms of cherry steppe Kazakhstan is the vital strategic
task for providing the population of the country in enough biologically
valuable and safe food.
The
work purpose – to study an area of distribution of cherry steppe and studying
of quality indicators of fruits and search of genetically steady forms.
Cherry
is in great demand also popularity where aren't so great a set and the areas of
grown-up cultures. It is promoted by early maturing and high food qualities of
fruits of cherry, good productivity in favorable years and decorative effect of
the plant.
Fruits
of cherry contain: solids of 13,020,6%, sugars of 9,7-13,3%, acids of 1,0-2,2%,
ascorbic acid to 25-30 mg on 100 g of crude weight. Fruits contain also various
chemical elements from which there is more than manganese, potassium and iron.
A significant amount - to 2500 mg on 100 g of crude weight contains R-active
agents (generally àíòîöèàíû), and in their phaeochrous fruits it is more, to 0,9% of tannins, and
also vitamins B 1 (òèàìèí), B2 (Riboflavinum), B9 (folic acid), E (tocopherol) (The short
encyclopedia 1993). Valuable component of fruits are the benzopyrones reducing
coagulability of blood and interfering formation of blood clots. According to
the content of benzopyrones cherry concedes to only such cultures, as red
currant and pomegranate. Besides, its fruits contain pectinaceous substances
which, thanks to the ability to connect ions of heavy metals, play an important
role in medical and preventive foods.
In
seeds contains to 35% of fat oils, and also àìèãäàëèí
and essential oil. In bark there are a
lot of tannic and dyes, lemon acid, tannins are found in leaves, êâåðöåòèí, àìèãäàëèí, benzopyrone and êàìåäèí (Yushev A.A. 2001).
Fruits
of cherry use in a fresh, tinned and dried look. However, major importance of
fruits - technological processing. Cherry jam, thanks to an excellent
combination Sakharov and acids, good, with an almond shade to taste and aroma,
excellent appearance, by right is considered one of the best. At treatment of
some illnesses, such as the anemia, arthritises, inflammatory diseases of
respiratory ways, in traditional medicine long since applied infusions and
juice of fruits; broths of escapes and leaves apply at jaundice, bleeding,
damage of integuments. Leaves use at conservation and salting of vegetables and
mushrooms.
From
kostochkovy cultures only cherry and plum correspond to climatic and soil
conditions plakorny droughty conditions of the Western Kazakhstan. Cherry is
widespread in this area since ancient times to what many centers of its stay in
a poroslevy form testify. However the attention to this culture is paid
insufficient, especially since post-war time. Experience with culture of cherry
of a number of researchers (the Black grouse of F.K. 1958, 1964; Aleksandrova G.D.
1974; Yushev A.A. Rakhmanov A.N. 1974;
Yushev A.A. 1976, 1980, 1985, 1989, 1995, 1997, 1998, 2001; etc.) I showed that
in the conditions of the Western Kazakhstan with success it is possible to
cultivate many grades of cherry. Serious damages periodically put to cherry
landings severe winters with very low negative temperatures, happening on the
average once a decade. Frost resistance and winter hardiness of grades of
cherry are limiting factors in receiving the guaranteed crops, they are
genetically caused signs connected with an origin of grades. In the form of
kolok separate a grove it meets in flood plains of the rivers, beams, hollows,
in hollows of the hilly sand receiving additional moistening from ground waters
and a superficial drain. In process of increase of dryness of climate of the
wood of cherry degraded, and their representatives remained in separate
ðåôóãèóìàõ in favorable conditions of moistening. In the territory of the
Western Kazakhstan there passes South eastern frontier of the broken-off areas
of steppe cherry [2].
Now
the destruction of natural vegetable communities leading to impoverishment of
their genofund progresses. As a result
without acceptance of effective measures on preservation biological a variety
to the middle of the XXI century. Can
stop the existence ot1/3 do2/3 modern species of plants [3].
Creation
and expansion of a genofund of plants of ex-situ involves need of the
organization of the complex actions directed on its maintenance. Now one of the most perspective methods
applied to achievement of this purpose, creation of genetic banks in vitro [4]
is.
Now scientific researches on studying of a
genofund and polymorphism of native fruit breeds are available only on an
apricot of Pamir (Mirzobaytov, 1965, 1971; Korzinnikov, 1984, 1985;
Shokhumorova, 1987; Saodatkadamova 1996.2002), and also partially on some
subtropical cultures (Korzinnikov, 1984; Makhramov, 1999, 2000, 2002), and
other fruit breeds in this regard remain not not studied [5].
Substantially
shortcomings of the existing zoned assortment (Amorel Nikiforova, Vladimir,
Ruby) it is possible to eliminate with selection of the grades corresponding to
local conditions.
Efficiency
of grades of cherry is influenced by such factors, as a podmerzaniye of
generative kidneys during the winter and early-spring periods.
Therefore
identification of the grades possessing slowed-down rates of development of
generative kidneys, slowed down micro and makrosporogenezy, longer period of
organic rest and its slow transition to the compelled rest are important points
in a choice of perspective grades. It can be established as a result of
studying of growth of escapes and laboratory methods of an artificial
promorazhivaniye during the various periods of development of generative
kidneys. Aren't studied absolutely not in the conditions of the North Western
region of feature of differentiation of generative kidneys and their frost
resistance at various stages of development.
Potential
opportunities of efficiency of grades are put in the nature of their origin
from the initial types considerably differing on nature of fructification: on growth escapes, on long-term wood - the
buketny branches, the mixed type. In
this regard studying of biological features of fructification and an introduction
of a look was important in selection of the most productive grades. Studying of nature of fructification of
grades of steppe cherry also wasn't carried out earlier.
Rhythm
of seasonal development (ôåíîôàçû), dependence of terms of approach of the main ôåíîôàç from the sum of active temperatures, the biochemical structure of
fruits, samoplodnost degree, selection of grades pollinators, can help to give
a complex assessment of a studied type of steppe cherry with valuable
biologo-economic signs for practical and selection use.
At
the present stage the introduction of steppe cherry is knowledge of features of
mikroklonalny reproduction of grades. The methodical part of mikroklonalny
reproduction of cherry on artificial nutrient mediums is developed by many
researchers, however high-quality features remain insufficiently learned. The technology of mikroklonalny reproduction
is closely connected with questions of storage of a meristem of fabrics in
probirochny culture at low (+4 °C) and ultralow (-196 °C) temperatures.
The
above problems of culture of cherry steppe in the conditions of the Western
Kazakhstan induced us to carry out complex studying of an available genofund
for the purpose of allocation of the best grades for practical and selection
use.
Result
of an assessment of adaptation of types of steppe cherry is their distribution
on the basis of a score on prospects for an introduction. We will use a method
of an integrated assessment (Lapin, Sidneva, 1973), considering seven
indicators. Comparison of coefficient of phenological adaptation, coefficient
of a teplolyubivost of types with shown by them in local conditions winter
hardiness a row èíòðîäóöåíòîâ, earlier carried to unpromising, can be successful èíòðîäóöèðîâàíû and are entered into practice and selection, a score on a scale of
prospects 72-80.
The
list of the used literature:
1 .
Astakhov A.I. Winter hardiness
of floral kidneys of cherry and ñëèâû.//Gardening. 1962
. No. 1. Page 14-16.
2
. Venyaminov A.N. To biology of growth and fructification of standard grades of
cherries//Scientific fruit growing. Voronezh. 1934 . No. 1. Page 22-29.
3 .
Vigorov L.I. Biologically active
agents of fruits of cherry and sweet cherry//Cherry and sweet cherry. Urozhay publishing house. Kiev.
1975 . Page 258-262.
4 .
Yushev A.A. Cherry. SPb.
Agropromizdat. Diamond.
2001 . 205 pages.
5
. Kershengolts B. M. Use of natural cold of mnogoletnemerzly breeds for long
storage of genetic resources / B. M. Kershengolts. B.I.Ivanov. R. V. Desyatkin.
P.A.Remigaylo. I.A.Fedorov. R. V. Cheung//Messenger ÂÎÃèÑ, 2008. T.12. No. 4.s. 524-533 .
6
. Molkanova O. I. Methodology of preservation of collections of rare and
valuable plants in genetic banks in vitro/of Molkanov. lake. And. Korotkov.
Yu.N.Gorbunov. // Biotechnology as instrument of preservation of a biodiversity
of flora. Mater. Âñåðîññ. Scientific ïðàêò.êîíô. Volgograd, 2008. Page 118-123.
7
. Program and technique of a sortoizucheniye fruit, berry and
orekhoplodny
cultures / under a general edition of E.N.Sedova, Other Ogoltsova. – Eagle:
VNIISPK, 1999. - 608 pages.