CTS Tanaschuk LI, Ilchenko NV

National University of Food Technologies, Ukraine

Analysis of the environmental situation in the areas around sugar factories

At this stage of environmental concerns become paramount, reducing the anthropogenic impact on the environment is the main activity for specialists and production as a whole. The sugar industry in Ukraine - is one of the most important branches of agriculture state. It took first place in the processing industry. Sugar industry refers to resource-producing branches in which the volume of raw materials and auxiliary materials several times higher then output of finished products.

Sugar factories are described as companies that have a significant impact on the environment. Thus, the main sources of air pollution is smokestack CHP, department of juice clarification, evaporating station, vacuum devices, office sugar drying, vent emissions from the premises, loading and unloading of limestone and coal fields of filtration, pulp pit. Generally factories have 17 stationary sources of emissions, of which 15 emitted pollutants. Potential emissions ranged from a few to several hundred tons per year.

Sugar factories is a major source of waste and secondary resource material - bagasse, molasses, sludge filtration (defecate), beet wastes, ponytails beets, limestone, lime, scrap metal, used batteries, tires, fluorescent lamps.

The big danger to the environment in the areas of sugar beet processing factories are fields of filtration.

Wastewater treatment in the fields of filtration is based on the ability of the soil by microorganisms mineralize organic matter. Due to the fact that this process is aerobic, the great value has porosity of the soil (than porosity more, that will pass more effectively process of a filtration and better there is a mineralization of organic substances).

Fields filtering represent earth-made construction, called maps and have a depth of 4 m or more, walled shaft height 0.8 - 1 m. Wastewater cleaned of impurities, served in the map by layer 20 - 30 cm in open channels which passes through the soil. When cards are complete, watch of drain fields see to it to prevent erosion embankments. In the summer, after absorbing the liquid waste surface maps plow.

Distribution of sewage around the map doing one by one, according to their transmission properties. Particular attention is paid to wastewater II and III category, because water category III and category II settled sludge is pumped to the fields of filtration. In the second category include: transporter-washing water. They contain contaminants mineral nature (soil, sand) and organic, are in solid (tails, tops) and dissolved (carbohydrates, proteins, saponin). COD value of 2000 4000 mg O2 / l. Water delivered to the mechanical cleaning (tanks) and then purified water can be used for washing and transportation, and suspended particles (soil, sand, beet residues) are mixed with sewage III category. Wastewater Category III - pulp water after pressing, pulp acidic water, water from cleaning equipment, water from washing filter fabrics, wastewater from laboratories, domestic sewage sludge as the second category. COD water in this category, about 7000 mg O2 / l BOD of about 5500 mg O2 / l. PH value of the effluent is neutral. The content of suspended particles (pieces of pulp, lime residues) is close to 20 g / l. The temperature of wastewater is about 12 25 ° C.

The nature of the source of pollution filtration fields are characterized as surface permanent man-made pools of industrial effluents. The total area occupied by fields of filtration in different plants varies greatly and can reach 90 hectares.

In the operation of filtration fields is silting upper layers of filtration cards and reduce their filtration capacity.

Wastewater treatment in the fields of filtering ineffective, they are not perfect in their technical and engineering solutions (this applies to all drives wastewater Ukraine, which were built several decades ago). In this case, the field of filtration are not a guarantee of complete biological wastewater treatment does not protect groundwater from contamination by sewage, the results of hydrochemical investigations indicate extremely high pollution sewage drain fields ammonia nitrogen, which ultimately leads to groundwater pollution. Proof of this is the high content of nitrates in wells located adjacent to the fields of filtration area. Thus, the degree of salinity of water in the wells is 1.5 times greater than the MCL for drinking water, and nitrate levels exceeded the norm by 10-11 times.

Direct appointment drain fields is purification of sewage and retention of small concentrations of pollutants rocks aeration zone. But in practice consist entirely different modalities drain fields:

- For the duration of the aeration zone is contaminated to such an extent that it becomes a source of repeated contamination of groundwater;

- If column sewage drain fields will mix with the groundwater level, it is obvious that the zone of aeration loses property cleanup.

Specific emissions from fields of filtration (kg / t of beet) are respectively:

- Butyric acid, about 0.07 kg / t;

- Acetic acid is about 0.23 kg / t;

- Propionic acid is about 0.013 kg / t;

- Formic acid is about 0.023 kg / t;

- Ammonia is about 0.01 kg / t;

- Hydrogen sulfide is about 0.002 kg / t

At the sugar factory produced annually more than 30 tons of sediment filtration, his are in the process of cleaning juice. Filtration residue occupies large areas is a source of pollution of soil, air and water environment in the areas of the sugar mills. Given the reduction of inventories and discrepancies limestone, the most promising is the regeneration of sediment filtration for reuse of calcium hydroxide is basically the process. Regeneration of sediment can be carried out in lime kilns with pre-shaped briquettes with sediment filtration with the addition of lime to give briquettes required elasticity.

Most of the problem is as the removal of the topsoil in the areas of sugar beet processing plants in the transportation of raw materials.

To reduce emissions, reduce pollution of underground waters, reduce siltation of the upper layers of filtration cards and using filtering sediment as secondary material resources appropriate to implement the following measures:

1. Improving water purification II category (lighting by installing a hydrocyclone or sumps continuous action with mechanical removal of sediment).

2. Introduction of anaerobic-aerobic water purification scheme III category.

3. Regeneration filtration for reuse of calcium hydroxide is basically the process.

In the implementation of the proposed measures we obtain:

1. Ability to achieve water quality clarified the requirements that apply to water that is directed on the washing and rinsing beet and return of topsoil on the place of removal.

2. Almost complete removal of contaminants from water by COD III category and biogas which can be used in industry.

3. Lime obtained from filtration of sediment suitable for cleaning juice and sugar production as a consequence of conservation of limestone as a comprehensive natural resource.

Thus, the sugar industry food industry needs to address many environmental problems and has significant reserves use of secondary materials. The implementation of the proposed measures will improve the ecological situation in the areas of the sugar mills.

Literature

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