Modern information technologies / 3. Software

Ivanova I.V., Ph.D.

Kostanay State University of A. Baitursynov

Development of geoinformation technologies

As it is known from history of development of geoinformation technologies originates from R. Tomlison's works on creation of the Canadian GIS (CGIS) in 1963-1971.

Now geoinformation technologies (GIT) are not only data sets and analytical means for work with coordinate attached information, and information technologies of processing of geographically organized information. Thus, the essence of geoinformation technologies is shown in its ability to connect with cartographical (graphic) objects some descriptive (attributive) information (first of all alphanumeric and other graphic, sound and a video information) organized in the form of tables of a relational database. Use of such record and data storage also opens so rich functionality before geoinformation technologies. It is natural, what these opportunities differ at different systems, but there is the basic set of functions which is usually available in realization of any geoinformation technology, for example, answers to questions "that it for object? ", "where it is? " with allocation on the card of the objects which have been selected on some condition in a database. Here it is possible to carry also the answer to a question "that is nearby? " and its various modifications.

It is known that historically the first and most universal use of geoinformation technologies there were information retrieval, help systems.

Geoinformation system (GIS) is the multipurpose information system intended for collecting, processing, modeling and the analysis of spatial data, their displays and use at the solution of settlement tasks, preparation and decision-making.

The basic purpose of geoinformation systems consists in formation of knowledge of Earth, certain territories, the district, and also fast finishing of necessary and sufficient spatial data to users.

Advantage of geoinformation systems in comparison with other automated information systems, is existence of geoinformation basis, i.e. the digital cards giving necessary information on a terrestrial surface.

It is important to note that, digital cards have to provide:

- exact binding, i.e. uniform address space, systematization, selection and integration of all arriving and stored information;

- complexity and presentation of information;

- possibility of dynamic modeling of processes and phenomena;

- possibility of the fast analysis of a situation.

Therefore, geoinformation technologies in this case can be considered as a new way of integration and structuring information, DB technology expansion for coordinate attached information.

Thus, geoinformation technologies offer absolutely new way of development of cartography because allow to eliminate the main defects of ordinary cards: static character of data and limitation of capacity of "paper" as data carrier, congestion information because of what become "unreadable". Geoinformation technologies solve this problem by management of information visualization.