History/ 2. General History
Nurusheva Gulmira Keldybaevna
Kazakhstan, Kostanay State University named after A. Baitursynov
Development
of trade in Turgay region at the end of XIX - the beginning of XX centuries
Formation
of Turgay region as an economic center in the first place was due to the trade,
which gave a great impetus to the development of the settlements made
unifying the three sectors of the economy relatively isolated
area , counties , and Kazakh village resettlement villages. The larger trade
became, and the more covered the entire steppe, the faster the decomposition
process was subsistence farming, its involvement in the orbit of the
All-Russian economy. On the other hand, in the second half of the XIX century
Kazakh sharua (kazakh farmer) needs
could not be met within the nomadic livestock farming, agriculture and consumer
crafts. Economic interests of the inhabitants of the Kazakh villages and
resettlement villages mutual worn and partly mutually beneficial and served as
the foundation on which to build and develop relationships between them. Lack
of commercial markets in Turgay region in the 60s. XIX century puts indigenous
population directly dependent on living in the line of small traders from whom
they purchased the necessary items in the home." In order to eliminate
this inconvenience, as well as representations of Kyrgyz opportunities to sell
cattle ranching and work in the desert and in the same kinds of promoting the
rapprochement Kirghiz Russian - writes AI Dobrosmyslov, Orenburg
governor-general in 1867 Kryzhanovskii first. Also was an issue of coverage
Zauralskaya steppe market timing - fairs. "December 5, 1867 the management
of the Orenburg governor-general sent the interior minister, another letter. It
stated: " Aktobe and strengthening Irgiz Turgay region in terms of
geography encompasses the very best of local conditions for the development of
trade: in Aktobe and Irgiz fortifications in this area and the Kyrgyz part of
the Syr - Darya, find convenience to sales to Russian livestock traders and
products of their farms, as well as to the acquisition of merchants coming our
manufactory and foundries products needed in the Kyrgyz life." [1] His
request to the Governor-General explained the desire "to facilitate trade
in the region and promote the strengthening of trade relations with the Kyrgyz
Russian, as well as through trade fairs to promote the economic development of
urban settlements arising already at these fortifications." [2]
Under
the conditions of existence of nomadic pastoralism was the most common form of
barter, which was in the hands of merchants across the steppe with small
amounts of various goods. From the area in the Spring and Autumn period went
into the steppe on the old caravan and driftway shopkeepers, clerks and Bukhara
negotiators. Using the high demand of the local population for industrial goods
and cheapness of cattle products, traders abusing this provision, plundered the
population. On the results of trade can be gauged from the fact that, pushing
off impact products in the wilderness, often returning with merchant jamb
horses or other animals, with the carts of wool fat and other products. All
this came to pass for good prices on local factories or markets in the coming
Troitsk, Orenburg, Orsk. Dealers, in turn, sent them at a higher price on the
Russian and foreign markets. Due to the lack of competition in the desert
traders were appointed to their goods in two or three times overpriced, and
often served as a unit of exchange sheep going for half price. [3] According to
the Orenburg newspaper "Russian steppe," for half a pound of tea sold
by weight and a pound of sugar traveling salesman could get the ram, and for
the impact of goods he received a flock of sheep . [4] Even the royal officials
were forced to celebrate parasitism and violence merchant capital : "
Bearing in mind the one hand, the simplicity and credulity of the Kirghiz, the
other - in the partisan greed greed merchants , it becomes clear how beneficial
such trade for the past , and how unprofitable she for the first ." [5]
Prior to the introduction of the "Temporary Provisions" in 1868 the
number of roving agents in the county was small. But with the abolition of duty
on the "position" that with the abolition of Siberian and Orenburg
customs lines their number grew rapidly. Barter in the desert wore usurious
character, so usually each trading operation for the nomad turned around
enslaving bargain. 80 -90- ies of the XIX century - the mass dissemination of
usury in the Kazakh steppe. Kazakh sharua almost totally at the mercy of
usurers, moneylenders sold the property for the debts of the Kazakh population.
Merchants in the steppes of Kazakhstan, Kazakh sharua using destitution,
selling essentials in debt under enormous percents.
The
main items of trade in the region were still cattle, cattle- feed and products
Russian factories. Great demand leather products, bread and building materials.
[6]
Literature
1.
RSIA. F.1291.O.82.D.18.L.37
2.
RSIA. F.1291.O.82.D.18.L.37
3.
Russia. E.XVIII.P.288
4.
Russian life (Orenburg). 1893.P.26
5.
The overview of Turgay region for
1894. Orenburg, 1895.P.25
6.
Dobrosmyslov A.I. The trade in
Turgay region. P.29