Research of the cardiovascular system.

Master of veterinary science Raketski V. A.
Student Aubakirova Minzifa

Kostanay state university of the name A. Baitursinov

Methods of research of the cardiovascular system. Research of the cardiovascular system is conducted in a certain sequence: examination and palpation of area of cardiac push, percussia of cardiac area, cardiophony, electrocardiography, research of blood vessels, functional researches of the cardiovascular system.

Along with the general methods of research apply special methods - reovathography, fonocardiography, sphygmotonometry, phlebotonometry, sphygmography, phlebography, sciagraphy, rentgenometry, functional tests.

Research of cardiac push. The origin of cardiac push is related to the periodic changes of force of reduction of heart, change of his form and position. A cardiac push shows up as animage push concussion of pectoral wall in area of heart.

Methods of research of cardiac push. A cardiac push is investigated by means of methods of examination and palpation. At examination of area of cardiac push for healthy animals set fluctuating motions of thorax and easy vibrations of hairsprings. At strengthening of heart-throbs fluctuating motions of thorax increase, and at weakening can fully disappear.

An animal is put so that light fell on the area of heart, the left pectoral extremity is taken maximally forward. At palpation of area of heart for healthy animals the easy vibrations of thorax are felt in the quiet state. conduct on possibility on a standing animal. Corresponding extremity is taken forward. Research is begun on the left. Thus pay attention to place, force and character cardiac point, for research of that a right arm is laid on withers. And the palm of leave arm is put to the pectoral wall. At diseases it is possible to find out an enhanceable sensitiveness, sickliness, especially to pressure fingers in 3-5mbetween edges, and also tangible shaking, that is at pericarditises.At a cattle, camels of horse, and other solid-hoofed mark a lateral cardiac push, and at carnivorous and birds - apex. The Lateral cardiac push is a impactpercept concussion of thorax on either side because of change of form and size of v by the shots of apex of heart directly in a pectoral wall.entricles. An apex cardiac push at normal position of heart in a pectoral cavity is marked only on the left, locally, caused by the shots of apex of heart directly in a pectoral wall.

Percussia of area of heart.Percussia of area of heart is one of the most difficult tasks of diagnostics. Conduct for determination of borders hearts, on that it is possible to get an idea about his size, form and position in a thorax, and also with the purpose of establishment of sensitiveness of heart and character of percussion sound. Percussia is carried out at the extremity maximally taken forward, for large animals more often apply mediocre instrumental percussia, at shallow - mediocre the digital.A heart to the pectoral wall fits closely only partly, as on periphery it is covered by pulmonary edges. Percussing to area of heart from top to bottom on intercostal intervals, it is possible to catch passing of clear pulmonary sound to dulled, after in dull. The area of heart, adherent to the pectoral wall, gives a dull sound(zone of absolute dullness of heart), and covered by lungs - dulled(zone of relativity of dullness of heart), and covered by lungs - dulled(zone of relative dullness of heart). The borders of relative cardiac dullness correspond to the projection of surface of heart on a thorax and are the veritable borders of heart.

Absolute dullness in a norm is registered for horse, foxes, dogs, at other most animals her it is not found out, because a cardiac undercut is easily covered by the thick layer of muscles of pectoral belt.

Auscultation of area of heart. Properties of cardiac tones and their possible changes determine a cardiophony at pathology, and also pathological noises arising up in area of heart. Distinguish a direct and mediocre cardiophony. A direct and mediocre auscultation it is better to conduct in stand-up position of animal, some leaving his left pectoral extremity forward and bending her in a karpal joint.

The best results get at a direct auscultation on the left in area of 4-6th to ribs by a right ear. And for restless animals - left, putting him to the pectoral wall on the caudal edge of lateralhead of tricipitalmuscle of shoulder and ulnar muscle, and on the right - in 4-5mbetween edges thereon level.topic diagnosis of violations of cardiac function is conducted with the use of stethoscopes, phonendoscopesand stetophonendoscopes.

An auscultation requires practical skill and concentration of attention; conducting her is needed in silense.

Auscultating heart, pay attention to cleanness, rhythm, force, timbre of tones, presence or absence of noises.

Tones hearts. A cardiac rhythm shows up alternation of a 1 tone, small pause, 2 tones and large pause, i.e. by correct alternation of systoles and diastoles. At a cardiophony a qualificatory value has ability of cardiac cycle there are one or another voice phenomena. Foremost tones one from other distinguish on duration of pauses.If simultaneously with a cardiophony to palpate a cardiac push, then the first will be that tone that arises up after the protracted pause and synchronizes with a cardiac push, because a push and 1 tone arise up simultaneously, in the period of systole. However this reception is used only in those cases, when a cardiac push is well felt. If a cardiac push is not felt, this reception is not applicable.

A 1 tone can be determined also by means of the simultaneous hearing of heart and palpation of arteries, however he well differentiates only at a rare pulse, because a pulse at times is some late from a systole.

auscultating heart, pay attention to force, clarity, timbre of tones, their frequency and rhythm, in the presence of noises and them auscultate properties. a 1 tone sounds more deaf, below, more loud, longer, than 2, that is more clear, high, less loud, more short and sharply torn off. Pause between 1 and by 2 tones shorter, than between 2 and following by him a 1 tone (by a systole).

Noises of heart. To cardiac noises take the voice phenomena arising up in area of heart in connection with cardiac activity, but different from normal cardiac tones. At the place and to nature their origins distinguish endocardial(functional and organic), exracardial(pericardial, plevroperecardial, cardiopulmanal) noises.

Endocardial(endocardiac) noises arise up because of functional or organic changes in valves, and also changes of the aggregate state of the colloid-dispersible systems of blood, for example at anaemia, hydraemia, that causes the change of turbulence of blood and lay on a phonetic imprint on corresponding tone of heart. These noises are related to the certain phase of cardiac rhythm.

Research of arterial pulse. A pulse is investigated by the finger laid on an artery. At a cattle investigate an outward jaw artery in a that place, where she goes along the lower edge of masseter. Feeling a pulse, in addition, is possible on a femoral artery, passing on the middle of internal surface of hindlimb, and middle artery of tail, felt on his internal surface. For a horse, donkey and mule a pulse is determined usually on an outward jaw artery passing on the internal surface of lower jaw. For shallow animals a pulse is investigated mostly on a femoral artery. At research of pulse determine the amount of shots of pulse, his quality and rhythm. The amount of shots of pulse calculate always from a calculation on one minute of time.

The crackpot changes of pulse an acceleration, weakening and unrhythmicalness of pulse, are considered. The acceleration of pulse(tachycardia) is observed at many diseases of heart and at some infectious diseases. A low pulse arises up usually at a cardiac weakness and at lowering of tension of wall of vessels(their tone). An unrhythmical pulse shows up in form wrong alternation of pulse shots and different size of pulse wave. He is mostly observed at the disease of heart.

From the additional methods of research of the cardiovascular system more often use electrocardiography and measuring of arteriotony.

Electrocardiography. Electrocardiography is name the record of electric currents of action and working myocardiums by the special vehicle named electrocardiograph. This record is named electrocardiogram and allows often to get the most valuable testimonies to the diagnosis of many pathosiss of heart.

For measuring of arteriotony use the device of oscillosfigmometr. This method is applied with the purpose of exposure of hypertension(high blood pressures) and lowered piesis(hypotensions).