Nazarbekoba Z.M.

A. Baitursynov Kostanai State University, Kazakhstan

The political parties: concept, genesis, functions, classification

In the political system of society political parties and the organizations play an important role. The political parties express the group interests connected with class interests. It is the associations interwoven into the system of the public power. The parties, are the organizations expressing class interests of big groups of people, serve the ideological purposes and create the program, seek for government deduction, for the purpose of realization of the principles. The mass parties are formed at a boundary of the 19-20 centuries. In parties the managerial personnel in the system of implementation of the power prepares. The public opinion is formed. Without parties it is difficult to present the functioning of the modern state. The parties are the group of the people competing in the power and for the power in society.

It is allocated 3 types of parties:

1. The party is group of people based on an ideology community.

2. The party is the organization.

3. The party is the representative of class interests.

The political party is the voluntary union connected by an ideological community, aspiring to possession of the power or to participation of implementation of the political program. It is the implementation of the political program in interests of one of public groups.
M. Weber allocated 3 stages in formation of political party:

1) Aristocratic group;

2) Political club;

3) Mass party.

The functions of parties:

1. Identification and formation, justification of interests of big public groups, the representative is party.

2. Make active and integrate big groups of people.

3. Develop ideologies of party doctrines.

4. Participation in formation of political systems, their principles, components.

5. Participation in race for power in the state, creation of the program of their activity.

6. Participation in government implementation.

7. Formation of public opinion in the protection.

8. Political formation of society.

9. Training, women's and youth organizations.

The criteria of allocation and partition of parties:

The extra class criterion:

1. Parties in a homogeneous environment.

2. Orientation to the public environment.

3. The parties concentrating activity in one environment.

4. Character of doctrines is the principle of an orientation.

- The revolutionary seek for radical transformations.

- The reformist-liberal.

- The social-democratic.

- The conservative - for preservation of an existing system, the power, traditions.

- The reactionary are opposed to the progressive.

5. From the point of view of a claim for a political role:

- Parties seek for taming of a political system.

- Parties are aimed at participation in elections.

- Parties seek to become the ruling and to realize programs of social development (communist parties of socialist countries).

- The parties supporting the existing elite of the state.

By criterion of subordination (subordination), number and membership it is allocated:

1. The centralized are the communist parties, the social-democratic.

2. The decentralized are active at local level, have not continuous and active center (in the USA).

On number there are:

1. The mass, aspiring to mass character and organization of primary organizations (communists, social democrats). Party contributions, continuous membership.

2. The personnel work through functionaries and social movements, hire sponsors, shots, the small part, generally management; there is no mass continuous membership; the support on elections of certain sponsors; activate the activity during elections.

There exist various types of party organizations. On the one hand, most of multi-party parliamentary systems in Europe are tightly disciplined organizations run by full-time professionals. On the other hand, in the two-party system of the USA, the two rival Republican and Democratic parties are decentralized organizations which function mainly in Congress and at the state level. This situation changes every four years when national Democratic and Republican party organizations coalesce to mount presidential election campaign.

The borders of party system mean the state borders.

The election campaigns that are conducted by different political parties are often elaborate, usually time-consuming, sometimes silly. However, the aim of any election campaign is to provide a peaceful and fair method by which the citizens of a democracy can select their leaders and have a hand in determining their own destiny.

The party system is an association of the interconnected parties seeking for receiving, deduction, power implementation by the state.

The structure of party system includes those parties which adhere to the general rules of fight and adhere to the general framework. In the system dependences come to light.