Doctor of Biology Science Kletikova L.V.,

Ph.D. in Veterinary Science Kozlov A.B.*

State Agricultural Academy named after Academician D.K.Belyaev, Russia

*Ivanovo State University branch, Russia

ESPECIALLY DUCK AND GOOSE EGGS PRODUCED BY FARMS

SHUYA AREA, IVANOVO REGION

The domestic poultry industry has traveled a long and arduous journey from small farms to large specialized enterprises. In some areas of the Central .Non-Black Earth Zone of developing farms for growing waterfowl - geese and ducks. Young birds having paddock and free access to many village ponds, abundant food supply grows well. Six to seven week old ducklings reaches 2,8-3,0 kg body weight, a nine weeks of age – 3,7-4,0 kg or more. Bird, mainly cross-bred, it is grown for their meat and eggs. Eggs for incubation and used for food.

Egg unique, ready to-eat product , securely packaged in a natural shell - shell [3]. Weight of eggs depends on the breed, age and subject to significant changes. According to B. Bessarabov weight of duck eggs is 70,0-110,0 g, goose - 140,0-230,0, the weight of the constituent parts of the egg depends on the mass of the egg.

With an average weight of 80.0 g duck egg shell weight 9.6 g, and its thickness 0,38-0,40 mm, at a fraction of yolk has 28,4 g protein – 42,0 g

The average weight of goose eggs is 160 g, and the weight of the shell reaches 19,8 g, thickness of 0,50-0,55 mm, weight of yolk - 56.2 g, proteins - 84,0 g [1].

Shell eggs - it's a natural packaging for storage, in the outer, spongy layer, a high concentration of calcium carbonate in the inner layer - papillary - most of the compounds of magnesium and phosphorus.[8] The shell has a selective permeability of different gases to pass. Gas and moisture permeability is determined by its porosity shell [1, 2]. The pores of the shell are oval or round openings. The number of pores in the egg shell in birds varies depending on the species, feeding and birds. The average porosity of the shell ducks por/sm² 72-80 , in geese - 39-45 por/sm². The pores on the shell evenly distributed, the greater the number of pores at the blunt end of the egg provides more air to flow freely into the air chamber. The porosity of the shell varies from season to season and is associated with the age of the birds: the young geese and ducks porosity of the shell is higher than that in the old 6-68 % [ 1]. There macro and micropores which are clearly visible when stained shell [2]. When storing eggs is increasing air chamber, located at the blunt end of the egg.

Water fowl eggs rich in protein and lipids.

The protein contains vitamins , trace elements (sulfur, potassium, sodium, calcium, iron, magnesium) , amino acids and bactericides (lysozyme).

The yolk is rich in carotenoids and xanthophylls lipochromes, vitamins A, E, C, contains a large amount of cholesterol [4, 6]. According Roux C, Wolf C, Mulliez N. et al (2000) A large amount of cholesterol is essential for normal embryonic development , as long as it can not synthesize their own. [9]

Objective: qualitative and quantitative assessment of the eggs of ducks and geese peasant farming area Shuya, Ivanovo region.

The material for the study of eggs of young ducks and geese at 17-25 pieces of each farm.

Basic research methods:

a. determination of the mass of eggs, protein, yolk , shell and inner shell on the scales of the brand VLKT -500 , large and small diameter eggs with calipers;

b. counting the number of pores staining shell 0.5 % alcoholic solution of methylene blue , using the number of squares (by L. Skrylevoy);

c. assessment of the content of carotenoids in the egg yolk with the calorimeter scale BASF;

d. determination of cholesterol in the yolk and albumen of eggs by enzymatic colorimetric method .

Results and discussion .

The diet of the birds is not balanced by basic nutrients, vitamins, macro-and micronutrients. In the spring and summer in the diet dominated by green grass, duckweed consumed by birds in the ponds, and the mash of feed. Added to ration chalk, limestone, shell and small pebbles.

In the cold winter, mainly in the diet of birds predominate feed, sprouted grains, boiled fish trifle, chopped boiled potatoes, chopped carrots, fodder beet , rutabaga. Feeding is not restricted. Free access to water, watering plenty. Birds all year round exercise is provided, except where cold days. During the summer period in pens bathtubs with wood ashes and baths with water for bathing.

Vaccinations and preventive treatments are conducted veterinary technician in accordance with the age of the bird.Egg-laying begins in April, at least at the end of March, but is most active from May through July. The eggs of ducks and geese are contaminated to varying degrees, white, smooth, shiny, with very little marbled shell.

Morphological parameters studied are presented in Table eggs. 1.

Table 1. Morphological parameters of duck and goose eggs

Indicators	Duck eggs	Goose eggs
The average egg weight , g	65,0±8,52	106,0±5,25
The average weight of the eggs in the water, g	3,49±0,78	8,2±0,34
The average weight of the shell, g	7,5±0,43	17,9±1,21
Eggshell thickness in mm	0,38±0,016	0,66±0,035
The average weight of innershell, g	1,78±0,12	3,82±0,42
Weight of the protein , g	36,60±1,30	50,34±2,68
Yolk mass , g	22,12±0,84	33,94±1,46

We studied mass of eggs varies widely: duck - from 53.48 to 76.33, goose - from 98.3 to 112.8 g. From the data table 1 that the weight of eggs , the albumen and yolk in ducks and geese below normal. According to numerous studies [2, 5, 7] in young birds in the early production period, as a rule , the weight of the eggs is less than the height of the egg.

Analysis table 1 showed that the mass exceeds the mass of goose eggs duck 38.7%, respectively, the mass of the protein - by 27.3 %, the weight of the yolk - by 34.8%.

The thickness of the shell duck eggs regulatory requirements. The thickness of the shell goose eggs more than the allowed rate of 20%.

The strength of the shell due to its structure, depending on the number of pores . An average of 1 cm² surface of the shell goose eggs are 76 long fewer pores found on the surface of the shell at the large end, most - at the sharp end of the egg, which is associated with the age of the bird, diet and egg storage.

The pores on the surface of the shell duck eggs also unevenly distributed more on their blunt end (60 to 108) and downward at an acute. On 1 cm² surface of the shell duck eggs have been 85. Then by staining with 0.5% alcoholic solution of methylene blue found that the pore diameter varied shell, however small and large pores are both sharp and blunt end of the egg to in its middle part.

The thickness of the shell and egg-shape effect on the strength of the latter. Eggs with an average thickness of the shell is kept considerable force - from 2.5 to 4.5 Kg [5]. The form of eggs of various species of birds and varies due to genetic characteristics, the structure of the oviduct, the nature of its walls to reduce the formation of the egg. Form eggs evaluated on an index form (Table 2).

Table 2. Physical indicators of bird eggs

Indicators	Duck eggs	Goose eggs
The diameter of the eggs:
small	44,16±2,00	49,4±0,15
large	59,13±1,49	77,95±2,33
shape index	74,64±1,57	63,42±1,81
Density, g/cm ^3	1,0571±0,0013	1,0830±0,0007
Height protein, mm	11,22±0,72	9,60±0,47
The average diameter of the protein , mm	7,25±0,84	6,48±1,37
Index of protein	15,63±2,06	15,35±2,55
Refractive index of the protein	1,3750±0,0313	1,3592±0,0005
The height of the yolk, mm	22,125±1,25	20,235±0,33
The average diameter of the yolk , mm	4,75±0,16	5,55±0,15
Index yolk	46,625±2,42	36,7±0,35
Refractive index yolk	1,4188±0,0051	1,4200±0,0004

Goose in the correct form of eggs, duck - in 72% of cases is correct in 18 % - prolonged or almost round, the remaining eggs were irregular.

The density of eggs due to the size of the air chamber and the thickness of the shell. After examining the features of the air chamber were set its average dimensions: duck eggs in height was 6.6 mm, 22.6 mm, a goose eggs - 7.0 and 26.0 mm, respectively. The density of fresh eggs of geese, was 1.0830 g/cm3 density of duck eggs - 1.0571 g/cm³, which corresponds to the norm for these types of birds. As of albumen and yolk are judged on the quality of the eggs. After pouring investigated eggs preserved egg shape. Duck eggs have a higher index of albumen and yolk.

On the optical properties of the protein and the yolk shows refractive index . Refractive index yolk duck eggs made - 1.4188 , goose - 1.4200, refractive index of protein and 1.3592 respectively 1.3750, which corresponds to the upper limit of normal.

The color of the yolk is judged on its richness in carotenoids. The yolks of duck and goose eggs have a dark orange color and matched the sixth segment number calorimeter scale BASF, which indicates the presence of carotenoids 28-30 micrograms per 1 g. In assessing the content of cholesterol we have found that the protein content of its minor - in duck eggs - 0,937 , goose - 0.155 mmol/l in the yolk duck eggs - 83.60, goose - 95.06 mmol/l. Analysis of the data showed that the cholesterol concentration in the protein of duck eggs ahead in goose 6.28 times, but duck egg yolk its content is less than goose - 13.7 %.

The level of cholesterol in the whites and yolks of eggs markedly different studied : its content in yolk than in albumen at 89-613 times [4].

From the research, it follows that:

- The mass of eggs hen housed duck and goose smaller than the old hens;

- Inner shell goose eggs are denser and their mass is 2.15 times more than the undamaged shells of duck eggs;

- Moderately contaminated shell eggs , sturdy shell porosity is correct;

- Refractive index and yolk protein corresponds to the upper limit of normal;

- The density of eggs does not exceed standard indicators;

- Yolk duck and goose eggs rich in carotenoids;

- The concentration of cholesterol in the yolk of goose eggs is higher than in the duck;

- White eggs of ducks and geese poor cholesterol.

Based on the data it can be concluded that:

1) the eggs of ducks and geese, produced by farmers in the area of Shuya, in its physical , morphological parameters , the content of carotenoids and cholesterol suitable for incubation;

2) egg yolk , rich in cholesterol and carotenoids, shown to children and adolescents, and protein - elderly people.

List of references:

1. Bessarabov B.F. Incubation of eggs with the basics of embryology poultry. – М., 2006. – 240 p.

2. Bessarabov B.F., Bondarev E.I., Stolliar T.A. Poultry breeding and the technology of production of eggs and poultry meat. – SPb, 2005. – 352 p.

3. Kletikova L.V. Cultivation of egg poultry in industrial poultry farming: problems of adaptation. – Shuya, 2012. – 96 p.

4. L.V. Kletikova, M.V. Zelenskaya, E.V. Bobyreva, T.E. Kirpicheva, T.V. Blydova, N.V. Malashina. Dietary egg with low cholesterol content. / Materiály VII mezinárodní vĕdeckto-praktická conference «Aktuální vymoženosti vĕdy - 2011». – Dil 16. Biologcké vĕdy. Zemĕdĕlství. Zvĕrolékařství: Praha. Publishing Hous «Education and Science» s.r.o. – P. 92-94.

5. Klrtikova L.V. Change of concentration of cholesterol in an egg, depending on the age of birds. Materiały IX międzynarodowej naukowi-praktycznej «Kluczowe aspekty naukowej działalności – 2013» Volume 14. Ekologia. Geografia I geologia. Chemia I chemiczne technologie. Rolnictwo.Weterynaria.: Przemyśl. Nauka i studia. – S. 90—92.

6. Kozlov A.B., Kletikova L.V. The level of cholesterol in eggs of poultry.// Poultry and poultry products, 2013. - №3. – P.64-65

7. Kochish I.I., Petrash M.G., Smirnov S.B. Poultry farming. – M., 2004. – 407 p.

8. Stele A.L., Osmanyan A.K., Afanasiev G.D. Egg poultry farming. – SPb., 2011. – 272 p.

9. Cholesterol. Access mode. Режим доступа: http://www.isapoultry/com/ru-RU/Information/Publications/AtISA... , дата обращения: 6.09.12.