History/ 2. General History

THE TRANSFORMATION OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS ORENBURG KAZAKHS IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE XIX CENTURY

Yermenbayeva G., Ph.D., Associate Professor of Kostanai

State University named A.Baitursynov

In the first half of the XIX century there was a struggle between the two structures of power. One of them was based on the traditions of the nomads and their way of life, while the other was imposed from outside. Particularly active intervention in the management of the Kazakhs Orenburg department was in the 20-40s of the XIX century with the adoption of the "Charter of Orenburg Kyrgyz" and "Regulations on the management of Orenburg Kyrgyz." These statutory provisions finally liquidated Khan's authority and introduced with new structure of local government.

The higher echelons in the military and the administration of the Kazakh population belonged to the Russian state apparatus, locally represented by the Governor General of Orenburg and Orenburg Boundary Commission. In the structure of power the position of the Sultan was assigned to the middle tier, lower levels were classified by positions of distance and aul (small farms) heads.

In the first half of the XIX century there were the necessary preconditions to reform the management system in the Junior Zhuz ( it is a small division of Kazakh tribes). The author of the reform project was the Orenburg governor-general P.K Essen. The draft "Charter of Orenburg Kyrgyz" was approved by the Asian Committee in 1824. In this regard, it was immediately decided to cancel the Khan's power. On this occasion, a prominent Russian official V.V Grigoriev wrote: "Finding a long and expensive experience for the unsuitability of the Kirghiz and harmful to us of the Khan's control, finally abolished the Khan dignity" [1].

In terms of administrative territory east of the Urals, where Kazakhs lived, called the Trans-Ural horde under so-called steppe management, the area was divided into three parts - the Western, Eastern and Central. The western part was represented by the Kazakhs from generation Bayuly, Medium - Zhetyru generation and partly Alimuly, Eastern - Alimuly generation, and Kypshak, Argyn. Later parts of the territory for comfort and control were divided into the distances, and the last on villages or areas.

Governors existed in almost every way, and sub-branches, and with the formation of new administrative units, many of them were able to take positions officers. Hence there were the peculiar symbiosis in the field of the new colonial power structures and traditional institution of governors. It must be admitted that governors exercised great influence and respect, they were well aware of the situation and condition of the local population, their power was much more authoritative than the power of the new official appointees. According to archival sources in the Trans-Ural horde were 241 formal and 107 informal rulers [2, p.207-208].

And in 1839, officially Institute of Governors was introduced. The control of their powers were higher distance chiefs, reporting directly to the sultans, rulers. For them, Orenburg Boundary Commission had developed a special instruction. According to the instructions of their job was to manage the entire Horde, without exception, without distinction of birth, offices, awards. The main responsibilities of managers were to inspire the Kazakhs that they would remain peaceful. Managing your advice was to inspire loyalty and obedience to the government as responsible for the acts of his subordinates, and therefore had to bear the constant supervision of subordinates. Manager was charged as an obligation to prevent and to "prevent the evil of Horde," and if that still the case, then the manager should pursue the perpetrators and to report all incidents to the governor and the Sultan, the Boundary Commission. The duty of the manager was also to prevent any destructive action. The manager was empowered beating - could be considered the smallest matters of theft, fraud, deceit, petty beatings, insults, drunkenness, etc. He had to carry out the decisions of the Boundary Commission and biy (judge). Managing had to take care of the needs of the Kazakhs. For omissions in the performance of his duties, he was responsible for managing the law, and for the hard service was awarded by honour.

In its tsarist colonial policy was based on the one hand on the armed force and the colonial apparatus, on the other hand, on the representatives of the Kazakh aristocracy. In the initial period sultans were supported in the implementation of the tsarist political designs, in order to make sultans be the instruments of management, the tsarist government started to recognize their privileged position in the Kazakh society. Sultans-rulers were exempt from taxes and various duties. They were granted the right to levy taxes in favor of the authorities. Significant judicial affairs of claim also passed through the hands of the rulers and sultans and biys. Sultans-rulers got a salary of 100 rubles in silver and 60 quarters of rye flour in a year. Moreover, as noted in the "Rules" in 1824, defined the amount of incomes of the sultans-rulers should be earned by the precise execution of all orders of government.

The power of sultans-rulers in the Junior Zhuz was supported by a detachment of Cossacks, who followed them during their nomadic and executed orders. The presence of Russian armed groups in rates of sultans was enshrined "Regulations on the management of Orenburg Kyrgyz."

Governor-General of Orenburg region P. K.Essen in 1825, developed a special instruction on the tasks and responsibilities of the Cossack units assigned to the sultans-rulers. According to the instructions Cossack detachments under sultans- rulers had to chase criminals, disobedient to pay for submission, and generally maintain order, needed to "own welfare." These groups were to consist only of trustworthy Cossacks. Cossack detachments had to be always in good condition and fully loaded. For each statement, and the return of the detachment of the campaigns chief of the detachment was to inform the Governor-General and the Office of the troop [3]. Dispatches from superiors served, therefore, for the Boundary Commission as source of information on the status of the situation in parts of Trans-Ural Horde.

The position of Sultans-rulers was created as the base of the Boundary Commission in the desert and they were obliged to carry out its tasks. The main responsibilities of the sultans-rulers were "monitoring the behavior of the Kyrgyz people, their content in order and loyalty and obedience to government, as well as a meeting, if possible, correct information on population, number of wagons and cattle in their charge of Kirghiz, and general enforcement measures which would serve for Commission. Sultans-rulers had to try every possible way the elimination of the steppe in raids and in general any arbitrary action by the means at their disposal "[4, p.221].

The tsarist government was closely engaged in a territorial unit. In 1831 distance control system was also introduced. The author of the draft of the new management was G.F Gens, who was in 1825-1844 as Chairman of the Boundary Commission in Orenburg.

Distance was the administrative-territorial unit from one fortress to another. Distance along the line created called lined. Distance created in the depths of the steppe became known as the steppe, when you create them more attention paid to the prevailing local custom placement nomads Kazakh tribes. Steppe race included a smaller number of farms and were extensive in the territory. Distances are headed distance chief who became a "special elders" or "honorable Kirghiz."

Responsibilities of distance chiefs were determined as following 1) to prevent the "pranks" and crime among the Kazakhs, and 2) comply with the orders of the Sultan, ruler of the Boundary Commission, the military governor and line chiefs 3) prevent unfriendly acts Kazakhs with respect to linear residents to notify the authorities incidents in the wilderness, "a malicious rumor and intentions subjects" [5, p.203-204]. Power of distance chiefs was performed by the orders of superior and in the performance of police functions. Distance chiefs were obedient arms sultans, rulers since they were in their complete dependence.

With the influx of the Kazakh population in the jurisdiction of the Orenburg area administration there were new distances. The average distance for each accounted for up to 2 thousand farms, and for each area of more than 600 farms [6].

By the middle of the XIX century in the Junior Zhuz was already in existence 57 distances, 32 of which were lined. Distance depending on the jurisdiction of the territory was divided into 3 bits [7, p.43].

Smaller units were administrative villages (area), led by aul (local) supervisors. A.I Levshin characterizes Kazakh villages: "The Kyrgyz rarely roam large numbers in one place for their herds if it is close, but made up of several families of society, unrelated or mutual benefit ... Such a mobile village they call aul '[8, p.24].

Aul (local) rulers, in contrast to other officers performed their duties for "temporary extradition in the form of prizes to those who are different zeal and activity in the course of their duties" [9]. Salaries, issued regularly, regardless of the degree of loyalty, could reduce the interest to service. It is no accident the tsarist government dedicated service to the local chiefs were bribed awards.

Chairman of the Boundary Commission, G.F Gens has been drawn up for local chiefs special instruction of 36 points, the essence of which was as follows: 1) to manage all the Horde without exception and without distinction of birth, offices and titles, wandering in a line against the distance ... from a distance up to a distance 2) If someone from wandering in and supervision was given to the management of your stretch of the line for some Horde whatever reason does not want to obey you, you have to send him from form your territory and removed from the area entrusted to you against the line, allowing him to choose his own place of residence and head, and 3) between entrust the supervision of your Horde no one should settle down again and be

even temporarily, without your consent and information, 4) You will not leave to observe that those who join the department of your Horde, were well-meaning people as possible and you know the good side ... "[1, p.303-308].

To contain the village in order and obedience the local chief was supposed to prevent internecine quarrels and various reconcile of his custody, the Kazakhs. Being as an intermediary between the Kazakh village of linear and domestic residents, he constantly had to report to higher authorities about the situation in the village. Thus, the local chief performed fiscal duties.

The traditional social structure of the Kazakhs was not stopped, it was involved into the medium of innovation, gradually transforming into a tradition. Kazakh society had managed to preserve the national sense, which was not reducible only to nomadism and traditionalism.

Literature

1 Grigoriev V.V Russian policy toward Central Asia, SPb., 1874.-5p.

2 Zeeman S.Z The political system of Kazakhstan late XVIII and early XIX centuries. - Alma-Ata: Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR, 1960.-294sp

3 Articles on the history of the political system of Kazakhstan. - Alma-Ata, 1960.-T. 1.-441p.

4 Bekmakhanov E.B Accession of Kazakhstan to Russia. - M., 1957 .- 342 sec. , P.175.

5 Kazakhstan in the late XVIII - XIX centuries. - Alma-Ata: Nauka, 1984. -176p.

6 Central State Archive of the Republic of Kazakhstan, f. 4, d. 2427, fol. 1.

7 Idrisov R.A Historical Geography of Western Kazakhstan in the first half of the XIX century. Thesis for the degree of candidate of historical sciences. - Almaty, 1998.- 150 sec. - P.35.

8 Levshin A.I Description Kirghiz Cossacks, or Kirghiz Kaisak, and hordes steppes.- Almaty: Sanat, with 1996-656. - P. 365.

9 Central State Archive of the Republic of Kazakhstan, f. 4, d.2268, ll. 134-141.