Esenalieva Zhanar Zhorabekovna
PhD, Professor, Central-Asian University,
Kazakhstan, Almaty
Smagulova Aygerim Sovethanovna
PhD, Professor, Central-Asian University,
Kazakhstan, Almaty

Mansurova G.Z., Magister,

Central-Asian University, Kazakhstan, Almaty

CONCEPTUALIZATION AND CATEGORIZATION IN COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS

The problems of conceptualization and categorization of reality in the formation of linguistic world are discussed in this article .
Keywords: cognition, cognitive semantics, concept, conceptualization, categorization,

One of the central sections of cognitive linguistics cognitive is semantics as a general theory of conceptualization and categorization theory a person perceives and interprets the world around us and how it is implemented in the learning experience meanings of linguistic expressions.
Cognitive semantics - is a certain theory of value, the specifics of which lies in the fact that it played an important part anthropocentric factor - the person as an observer, "kontseptualizatoru" and "categorizer." In this theory, man as knowing subject - the carrier of cognition - is attributed to an active role in shaping the values of linguistic units: a person creates value, and does not get them off the shelf, as well as an active role in the choice of linguistic means of expression to describe a particular situation and understanding of the motivations for this choice (Boldyrev, 2001: 18).
Accordingly, the full semantic characteristic of a linguistic phenomenon from the perspective of cognitive semantics implies taking into account not only and not so much the objective characteristics of the situation described as keeping the specifics of its perception, availability of appropriate knowledge, intentions, highlight specific items and select the point of view (perspective), the concentration focus on specific episodes. All this determines the formation of a person in the process of cognitive activity of specific concepts and categories, ie specifics of the processes of conceptualization and categorization of the world.
At the same time, these same moments, especially accented, and determine the specificity of a particular approach to language and cognitive analysis of linguistic phenomena. Isolation of "objective" semantic features within the meaning of linguistic units and logical rules for constructing grammatically correct sentences can be called a logical approach. It is based on the logical-conceptual, theoretical modeling of the relationship between language and cognition, which does not account for many of the properties of ordinary knowledge related to the specifics of perception, experience and knowledge. Cognition and cognition in this case are not differentiated.
Another aspect of the analysis of the values of linguistic units and structures, which also goes beyond the objective description of the situation, due to the fact, as we choose and organize the information transmitted. This problem has been the theory of selection. Describing a certain situation, we usually ascribe function of the subject to the object or person that is of most interest, ie, increasingly stands out in this situation for one reason or another, so we start with him his statement. The theory of selection - this is only one possible explanation of how a person selects and distributes information in the statement.
A slightly different approach is presented in the theory of concentration or focus of attention. This approach is based on the assumption that everything that expresses the people in saying reflects what elements events attract his attention. While the same event includes other episodes, but they are beyond the scope of description. Analysis of the proposals in terms of concentration, thus helps to explain us why one of the event gets its expression in the utterance, and others - no.
Problems typology concepts are closely linked with the problem of categorization, which has always been recognized by one of the most important aspects of language learning. EU. Kubryakova shares the concept of "categorization" and "conceptualization." Conceptualization is treated as "... one of the most important processes of human cognitive activity consists in understanding the information supplied to it and leading to the formation of concepts, conceptual structures and the whole conceptual system in the human brain" (Concise Dictionary of cognitive terms, 1996: 93). Any interpretation of the perceived material requires categorization (and impossible without categorization), the result of this judgment is formed cognitive units or cognitive structure, ie, categorization process "accompanies" the process of understanding. The process of categorization can be unthought, but the formation of mental formations occur. Consequently, the concept of "categorization" and "conceptualization" can not be divided if the distinctive feature of these concepts is recognized the formation of mental formations (such as cognitive units and cognitive structures).
Categorization in the narrow sense - summing phenomenon object, process under certain categories of experience, category, and recognition of a member of this category, in a broader sense - the process of formation and release themselves categories division of the external and internal world of the person according to the essential characteristics of its functioning and being, ordered representation of various phenomena through their reduction to a smaller number of bits or associations, as well as the result of the classification (taxonomy) activity. Categorization - one of the key concepts in the description of human cognitive activity associated with all cognitive abilities and systems in his cognitive apparatus, as well as made in the process of thinking operations: comparison, identification, establishment of similarity and likeness, etc. In the analysis of categorization should distinguish, on the one hand, the path of formation of new categories and ways to supplement existing and development, and on the other hand, the study of relations between members of the same categories and criteria according to which they are or are not deemed to be of the same category.
Category - one of the forms of identification of human thinking, which allows to generalize its experience and to carry out its classification. Cognitive science has raised the question of categorization as a matter of human cognitive activity, as a matter of fact, on the basis of what classifies things an ordinary person and he brings his infinite variety of sensations and objective diversity of forms of matter and its motion in the form of specific headings. Two central concepts in the process of categorization are the concepts and prototype baseline. Natural category may combine members of unequal status, ie, not fully recurrent symptoms. One of these members may have a privileged position, showing a sample of the best in its class, ie, most fully responding representation of the essence of association and its prototype, around which are grouped the remaining members of the category.
Education category is closely linked to the formation of the concept or group of concepts around which it is built, ie, with the release of a set of signs expressing the idea of similarity or likeness united units (Concise Dictionary of cognitive terms, 1996: 42-47).
A number of works by J.. Lakoff (Lakoff 1984, 1987) are devoted to the issues of categorization, where the basic assumption is that the category does not exist a priori in the objective world, and are the result of human thought processes. Consequently, the study of categories should begin with the study of human thought processes for categorizing and forming thought units. J. Lakoff points out in this regard: "For categorization important factors such as the imaginative perception, physical interaction, mental images, the role of the realities in culture" (Lakoff 1988: 48).
The concept of categorization of human experience is one of the most fundamental concepts in the characterization of cognitive activity. Closely connected with all the cognitive abilities of man, it is also closely intertwined with the different components of this activity - memory, imagination, attention, etc. The ability to classify phenomena, distribute them to different groups and classes, ranks and categories indicates that the acts of perception of the world people will judge the identity of some other objects, or, on the contrary, their difference. Categorization perceived - is a way to give to the person entering the information orderly, way to organize, sort seen and heard. It is therefore important to try to understand, based on what criteria people make judgments about the similarity of some sensation or other distinction.
According to the observation T. Givon, a new explanation of the principles of categorization begins with Charles Peirce, and it is associated with the analysis of the formation of linguistic categories. Category beginning to be seen as a structure units which do not have a full identity and find a set of necessary and sufficient criteria. The classical view of the category implies the following: discrete categories, all units have a category with the same feature set. The new look also presupposes that the categories core and periphery, blurring the edges within the same category come together not quite identical units.
Widely known now looks Ludwig von Wittgenstein's family resemblance as a unifying natural categories. This position was supported inside the so-called prototypical semantics. Members of the same category together, not because they have binding properties, but because they demonstrate some of the features of similarity or resemblance to a member who is selected as the "Best of Category" - its prototype, that is, most fully characterize its properties (Kubryakova, 1999: 25).
The cognitive approach suggests that not only the perception of presenting our minds the image of the world, not only it creates mental representations, as evidenced by the different "format" and different substrates such representations. Allegations of connectedness with their language are quite naturally to the assumption that among perceptual modules, forming a system of perception, it is necessary to find a place and language.
Conceptualization process is closely linked to the process of categorization: presenting a classification activities, they differ in the final result and / or purpose of the activity. Conceptualization process is aimed at the selection of certain minimum units of human experience in their ideal meaningful representation, categorization process - to organize units exhibiting in one respect or another similarity or characterized as identical in larger categories.
Cognitive division of reality comes another preverbal stage of human development: conceptual classification arising at the time, are more related to sensor motor human activities than his communication with other people. With the formation of the language development of cognitive reality takes on new forms, providing beyond the immediate perceptual and storage practices in human long-term memory (Concise Dictionary of cognitive terms, 1996: 93).
Conceptualization can be considered as a living process of generating new meanings, and then begin the task of cognitive science include questions on how to form new concepts as the creation of a new concept is limited to existing concepts in the conceptual system, how can we explain a person's ability to constantly replenish the system. These and many other similar problems associated with the conceptualization of research in general semantics and conceptual semantics, in particular: in some respects the learning process is a process of creation and transformation of meanings (concepts).

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