UDC 662.02: [531.72 + 544.33

Doctor of technical sciences, professor Buktukov N.S.,

Doctor of technical sciences Metaksa G.P.,

Candidate of technical sciences, associate professor Moldabaeva G.J.,

The Republic of Kazakhstan, Almaty, Mining Institute after D.A. Kunaev

THE IMPACT OF CONTACT POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE OF DISSIMILAR METALS ON WATER ELECTROCONDUCTIVITY

At constant volume and chemical composition the electrical resistance is associated with spasmodic changes at certain size relations between the measuring electrodes. Besides, the electrical resistance to much extent depends on the material of the changed electrode and therefore on the position of critical points.

В. Shauberger’s work [1] show that physical properties of water, including electroconductivity, vary to much extent depending on the condition and chemical composition of the interface. For fluid-containing systems in blocks of lithosphere, special zones (wave guides) have been revealed which can be different by physical properties from their environment by more than two times [2]. The undertaken attempts to model the variability of electrical properties in the cross fields of various nature proved that there is spasmodic change of properties at certain frequencies of impact [3]. To evaluate the impact of static potential on the water electroconductivity, the laboratory experiment has been done, which helped to assess the impact of contact potential difference of dissimilar metals on electroconductivity; the interaction potential of metals does not depend on the size of contacting electrodes [4].

To measure the water electroconductivity, semicylindrical cavity d = 50 ·1000 mm with the height of liquid column < 1 cm has been used. As the measuring electrodes, dissimilar chemically pure metals have been used. At that the material of one of the measuring electrodes remained constant (antimony), and for another one dissimilar metals have been used, the position of which has been changed in the cavity, establishing them at certain mark in the cavity. Picture 1 shows the functional chart of measurements of contact potential difference.

There were water samples of two types: of natural origin (spring of the gorge Alma-Arasan) and the distillate (recently distillated <5 days); in the course of the experiments the contacts made of dissimilar metals have been moved along the cavity equipped with the measuring line. All measurements have been done in natural conditions at the room temperature (20 - 22 ºС) and normal pressure.

To measure low resistances, the devices Щ43102, Щ4313 have been used with the measuring voltage 1,5 V. High and very high resistances have been measured with the use of megohmmeter F 41210-IM, at the measuring voltages 100, 500, 1000 V. The results of the measurements have been taken in the units of kiloohm and milliohm.

The inaccuracy of measurements is determined with the accuracy class of the used devices and is in the limits of 0,1-5 %. The experimental results are the arithmetical mean of the measurements of 3-4 samples.

2

Sample

1

1- The measured sample placed in syringe or cavity;

2- The measuring device Щ 43102;

Picture 1 – Chart of measurements of contact potential differences

According to the value of pure water electroconductivity the concentration of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions in the water is calculated. At 25⁰С it equals .

The electroconductivity of pure water is equal to [5].

These concentration relations characterize the value of acoustic conductivity [6]. For instance, for plane acoustic wave between the acoustic pressure p and acoustic speed there is the following relation:

, (1)

where density of liquid medium;

с – light speed in it;

frequency of vibrations.

In V.A.Krasilnikov’s works [6] this relation is compared to Ohm's law formulated for the passage of electrical current through the conductor. If the voltage is applied to the resistance , then the current will flow through it , i.е.

. (2)

In “acoustic Ohm's law” the role of voltage is replaced with acoustic pressure, the role of the current is replaced with the acoustic speed; and ohmic resistance equals to the product of density by the light speed , for water it is ≈ 1,5 *10³ absolute units. In electrotechnical measurements, specific resistance is also measured in conventional units (Ohm*m), equaled to the resistance of the conductor of unit length with cross section of unit of area.

The experimental works have been done with regard to the measurement of conductivity of spring water depending on the kind of contact of dissimilar materials. The measurements have been done in the conditions of passage of surface waves, i.e. in the cavity 1 m long, with the depth of water 0,5 cm. As the measuring device, the ampere-voltmeter Щ43102 has been used. The measurements have been done according to the chart “Invariable electrode (in our case ) – dissimilar metal” 1 cv – 1 v long with the interval of 1 cm.

The table 1 contains the results of measurements of electrical resistance for a number of metal substances measured at the distance of 1 cm from the base contact, 25 cm and at the distance equal to square root of the fusion temperature of the changed electrode. The results of the measurements prove that at invariable chemical composition of the measured water layer, the values of electrical resistance differ from each other by times depending on the kind of contacting material. At that the largest variations of electrical resistance are observed at the closest distance – in this case 1 cm. For special points (the distance between them is divisible or equal to the square root of the fusion temperature) special behavior is also typical depending on the kind of dissimilar contact.

The measured values of water electrical resistance depending on the dissimilar pair “antimony-metal” (Т = 23⁰С) are given in the table 1.

Table 1 – The values of water electrical resistance for the pair metal-antimony depending on the distance between the measuring points

№	Pair sb-me	Electrical resistance, kОhm,	Electrical resistance, kОhm, l=ÖTsb = 25 cm	Electrical resistance, kОhm
				l = cm	kOhm
1	Antimony-antimony	0,5-5	12-18	-	14-22
2	Antimony-gold	0-3	16-17
3	Antimony-silicon	4-17	18-36	37-8	30-40
4	Antimony-aluminium	5-12	25-30	25,6	25-30
5	Antimony-nickel	3-4	25-28	38,14	70
6	Antimony-palladium	4-8	25	39,42	60
7	Antimony- polyacrylonitrile	3-2	25	35,8	52
8	Antimony- cobalt	3-4	28	38-66	80
9	Antimony-manganese	0,5-5	30-35	35,3	55
10	Antimony-silver	3-5	32	30,98	45
11	Antimony-bismuth	3-3,5	32	16,46	22
12	Antimony- zirconium	5,5	32	41,8	100
13	Antimony-platinum	4-9	30-33	42,1	90
14	Antimony-lead	3-4	35	18,08	25
15	Antimony-gallium	6	38	5,5	10-13
16	Antimony-cadmium	4-6	38	17,9	28
17	Antimony- beryllium	8-10	40	35,8	80
18	Antimony-tin	3-4	42-44	15,2	24
19	Antimony-zinc	8	48	20,4	39
20	Antimony-titanium	6-8,5	48	42,6	100
21	Antimony-indium	4-6	49	12,48	20-25

Here is evident regular relation of value of electroconductivity and the parameter , which characterized the level of thermal variations of material – contact.

So, there are a number of metals for which the electoconductivity is equal to the value of square root of the fusion temperature of the variable contact:

· Aluminium 25,6/25 = 1;

· Manganese 35,3/35 = 1;

· Silver 30,98/32 ≈ 1;

· Beryllium 35,8/40 ≈ 1;

· Silicon 37,8/36 ≈ 1.

Such relation but that of the square root of the fusion temperature of antimony is typical for the following number of metals:

· Nickel 25,09/25 ≈ 1;

· Palladium 25,09/25=1;

· Polyacrylonitrile 25,09/25=1;

· Cobalt 25,09/25 ≈ 1.

Besides, there are a number of materials for which these relations are divisible by two, for : antimony, gold, silicon, bismuth, lead, and cadmium. For : zirconium, platinum, zinc, titanium, indium.

Gallium and tin differ from all material with the multiplicity of these relations equal to 7 and 3 correspondently.

The table 2 contains the values of specific characteristics of electroconductivity translated into the unit of length.

The data contained in the table 2 prove that the values of specific resistances, calculated for the lengths of critical points, by the order of value correspond to the relation of square roots of the fusion temperature of substances of the contact pair. The only exclusion from this rule is the behavior of gallium and to lesser extent of zirconium, platinum, cobalt, bismuth and single-crystalline silicon.

Table 2 - Specific electroconductivity of surface water for the pair “antimony-metal”

№	Pair “antimony-metal”	Electoconductivity kOhm∙cm, at cm	Electoconductivity kOhm∙cm, at		Отношение
1	Antimony-antimony	0,480,8		-	1
2	Antimony-aluminium	1-1,2		1,12	1
3	Antimony-silicon (tech.)	0,72-1,4		0,73-0,92	1,5
4	Antimony-silicon (single-crystalline)	0,72-1,2		0,78-1,05	1,5
5	Antimony-gold (583)	0,4-0,7		0,42-0,67	0,76
6	Antimony-titanium	1,92		2,34	1,69
7	Antimony-indium	1,96		1,6-2	2
8	Antimony-tin	1,68		1,57	1,66
9	Antimony-lead	1,4		1,3	1,38
10	Antimony-bismuth	1,28		1,33	1,52
11	Antimony-cadmium	1,52		1,56	1,4
12	Antimony-silver	1,28		1,45	1,23
13	Antimony-nickel	1-1,12		1,83	1,52
14	Antimony-cobalt	1-1,12		2,06	1,54
15	Antimony-zinc	1,92		1,9	1,22
16	Antimony-palladium	1,0		1,52	1,57
17	Antimony-manganese	1,2-1,4		1,55	1,4
18	Antimony-zircomium	1,28		2,39	1,66
19	Antimony- beryllium	1,6		2,23	1,42
20	Antimony-platinum	1,2-1,3		2,13	1,67
21	Antimony-gallium	1,52		18-2,36	4,5

The experimental data obtained prove that the electroconductivity at constant volume and chemical composition is associated with spasmodic changes at certain size relations between the measuring electrodes.

Besides, the electrical resistance to much extent depends on the material of the changed electrode and therefore on the position of critical points.

The list of the used sources

1. Shauberger V. The energy of water. M., 2006 . P.320.

2. Kurskeev A.K. Seismic danger of orogenes of Kazakhstan. Almaty: Evero: 2006, 294 p.

3. Buktukov N.S., Metaksa G.P., Moldabaeva G.J. Spasmodic change of properties of solid and liquid substances. Scientific and technical provision of mining production.

Proceedings, volume 74, 2007, P.49-57

4. Zarev B.P. Contact potential difference. M., 1968., 110 P.

5. Reference book of chemist //under the editorship of Nikolskiy B.P. M-L, 1962. 1070 p.

6. Krasilnikov V.A. Acoustic and ultrasonic waves in air and solid bodies // M., 1960, 560 p.