Umbetaliyev N. А. Doctor of Technical Sciences, Nurgaliyev L.M. PhD student

Kazakh National Agriculture University, Kazakhstan

SOIL CULTIVATION WITH THE APPLICATION OF CHISEL TOOLS

Chiseling - is tilting the soil without or before plowing with the use of chisel tools with chisel points and V-shaped sweep. The main objective of chisel soil cultivation is to improve the conditions of crop cultivation, so that all microbiological processes in soil, nutrient status of crops, as well as porosity and soil moisture were in optimal co-relation [1].

Soil cultivation with chiseling ploughs PC-4, 5, and PC-2, 5 to a depth of 30 cm is conducted in place of moldboard plowing with share plows, or non-moldboard cultivation with subsurface plows, as well as in the course of pre-planting cultivation under individual rotation of crops, which are the most responsive to this method of processing.

Frequency of chisel cultivation in the rotation of crops is determined by the composition of the cultures, their reaction to chiseling, soil conditions and weed infestation. Chiseling of soils with a pachic humus horizon is conducted every 3-4 years, whereas chiseling of shallow soils with a sharp deterioration of the agro-physical and agro-chemical properties is conducted every 2-3 years.

Chisel plow are used on shallow soils for the deepening of topsoil in combination with introduction of high doses of organic and mineral fertilizers, liming and subsequent cultivation of legume-grass perennial grasses.

Using PC-4, 5, and PC-2, 5 chisel plows together with PST-1,5 and PST-2, 5 tools is advisable when preparing soil for sowing and planting row crops, sowing of winter crops, as well as in the course of main treatment for spring crops and mellowing of fall plowing in the spring.

Deep chiseling on sloping lands is effective for all crops, whereas deep chiseling on the plains is effective for tilled and, above all, pressed, heavy-textured soils. In the fields of crop rotations, intended for planting row crops, deep tillage (40 cm) is to be carried out in the autumn once every 3-4 years. During cultivation of corn, the best way to conduct primary cultivation is plowing to a depth of 20-22 cm, followed by deepening of topsoil for 40-45 cm with the use of chisel plows.

Periodic subsoiling (35-45 cm) with chisel plows is most effective on soils with overcompacted plowing horizon, subject to water erosion, and temporary excessive surface water saturation. It can be carried out entirely, strip by strip or selectively in certain areas of the field. Processing is performed once or twice per crop rotation cycle.

On soils prone to water erosion, deep chiseling is conducted to transfer surface water runoff to the subsurface, increase moisture and reduce soil erosion. The movement of chiseling units in the process of soil cultivation should be directed across the slope or horizontally. In the fields affected by the temporary surface water saturation, deep chiseling provides discharge of moisture from the topsoil into the lower layers, reduces the terms of maturing of the soil, and prevents drowning of winter crops.

Deep chiseling is especially effective as a reclamative technique in rice growing in the course of drainage and development of overmoistened lands [2]. In rice crop rotation, cover crops occupy the fields, where the rice has been seeded for two years. These are weakly-aerated soils with a tillage pan at a depth of 20 - 30 cm. The roots do not penetrate into this layer, and productivity of the lucerne top and accumulation of the root system are reduced. During the rice growth period, mainly boggy processes occur in the soil, and harmful compounds are accumulated in the subsurface horizon, causing a detrimental impact on rice. In these circumstances, plowing is recommended in conjunction with deep chiseling to a depth of 30-35 cm. This loosens the compacted layer, increases the total porosity and air capacity, aeration, filtration and salinity of the soil.

For better salinization control and salt withdrawal from excessively salinized paddy soils it is recommended to conduct deep chiseling for 30-35 cm as the primary as well as pre-planting processing.

Annual and periodic use of chiseling tools in crop rotations of different specialization provides a stable tendency to increase the yield of many crops (cereals, rice, sugar beet and maize). For example, the maximum efficiency was obtained in the cultivation of maize on the slopes of 5-6 degrees: in comparison to moldboard plowing, the average crop yield has increased by 15.7 c/ha in three years.

Reference list

1. Trufanov V.V. Deep chiseling of the soil. "Agropromizdat". М., 1989.

2. Usmanov А. А., Sailibayev R. А. Chiseling plow for deep chiseling during rice cultivation. "Kainar", Almaty, 1987.