Andrey Gavrilov

teacher of physical training

of the Chair of Physical Education

of Taras Shevchenko National

University Ukraine

Comparative Analysis of Conceptions of Physical Education in Higher Educational Institutes of Ukraine in 90s of the 20^th – the Beginning of the 21^st Century

The article is devoted to comparative analysis of programmes in physical education of students in higher educational establishments of Ukraine (universities and institutes) which were taken in the former USSR and which are approved by The Minister of Education and Science, Youth and Sports of Ukraine nowadays; a state and tendencies of development of physical culture and sports movement of studentsʼ youth after the declaration of independence of the country.

Key words: physical training, physical education, physical culture and sports movement, spiritual and moral development, reformation of education.

During the last decades a negative tendency of deterioration of the state of health and physical ability of students youth has been developed in Ukraine. It is connected not only with economic and ecological problems in the country but also with conditions of their study and a mode of life. A great negative influence has underestimation of social and economic, sanitation and educational roles of physical culture in the society. The result of such attitude is the following: a limited level of financing, a deficit of material basis, a shortage of qualified specialists and what is very important it’s lowering of popularization of significance of physical culture among the growing generation.

Problems of spiritual, spiritual and physical, spiritual and moral development in higher educational establishments are considered in the works of V.Baranivsky, O.Baranov, S.Bubka, V.Goroschuk, T.Roters, G.Shevchenko, V.Serebryak, O.Oleksyuk, O.Koroshaylo, I.Nikolaychuk and others.

Problems which are connected with physical education of students in higher educational establishments were studied by such scientists as V.Bilogur, I.Bondar, A.Domashenko, A.Drachuk, V.Ednak, E.Kotov, S.Kryvytsky, O.Malimon, Y.Novytsky, R.Rayevsky, S.Kanyshevsky, L.Lapko, P.Sherbak and others.

At the same time historic and pedagogical analysis of scientific researches witnesses, that the problem of development of physical culture with the students of classical universities in the 20^th – 21^st centuries has been not investigated at a definite level both at theoretical and practical aspects, in particular it doesn’t get a substantial disclosing of general tendencies, a plot and educational technologies of developing physical culture with the students youth, which may secure its qualitative physical education.

The aim of this article is to do a comparative analysis of physical education in classical universities of Ukraine on the boundary of the 20^th – 21^st centuries, to find out its common and distinctive features and to designate the ways of its perfection.

The term “conception” (which originates from Latin conception) means understanding, general idea, thought [1, c.52]. It is a system of views on separate phenomena, processes, ways of understanding, interpretation; it’s an idea of a certain theory. This term is also used for a designation of the main idea in scientific, belles-letters, political and other kinds of human activity [2].

A goal of conception of physical education is to determine strategic and priority directions of radical changes in the domain of physical education on the basis of holistic views concerning its role in the life of modern society [3, c.3].

A reformation of education in the days of revival of Independent Ukraine in the field of physical education was based on the Conception of physical education adopted in the former USSR at the end of 1989. That document was a result of tedious work of the soviet scientists, a sum total of wide-scale discussions and compromises. A principle merit of the Conception of 1989 lies in the absence of strict rules, demands and directions abligatory to follow. In contrast to the previous conception where command and administrative approach to physical education dominated, this document determined the main directions in physical education and sports activity. The main virtue of the Concept is a radical change in students’ attitude to physical culture, their understanding of its great common to all people and personal value.

Change of viewpoints on the development and functioning of physical education in higher educational establishment, including classical universities, in nineties of the 20^th century was conditioned by understanding of the fact concerning the necessity of development of a harmonious personality who cares about its health and take it a personally and socially active life.

In this Conception in the paragraph concerning the increasing of efficiency physical and sports education it was recommended to provide a differential test in physical training. A main criterion of marks in it is a fulfillment of demands istalled in theoretical and practical paragraphs of the Conception. Dynamics of increasing of progress in physical and functional activity of students was taken into account too. Examination of physical readiness of school-leavers was recommended to university authorities [3, c.5].

It was advanced that popularization of physical culture should help the enhancing of prestige of all-round physically trained person and his/her ability to govern own body. It should favour the development of the level of knowledge in the field of hygiene and physical culture and be grounded on the modern scientific investigations and discoveries. More over it was mentioned that humanization of education doesn’t demand dissemination of those kinds of sport and physical exercises connected with unwarranted risk for the life and health and also thouse kinds of sport and exercises that do not correspond to ethic demand or propogate cult of violence, brute force and cruelty. In general physical culture and mass sports should help the broadening of multinational interaction of people, be an effective means of people’s democracy, promote strengthening of peace and friendship between the humankind [3, c.6].

According to the Programme of physical education of 1989 students were to occupy theoretical and practical plot of the discipline “Physical education” and standarts of GPO (Ready complex, to pass a test and to take part in sports competitions, contests, walking tours etc. Classes according to a timetable, training during an academic year belong to the forseen by the Programme forms of educational physical training. A total amount of hours recommended by the Programme envisaged within the limits of 8-10 hours per week (obligatory educational, optional, sectional and individual).

In that way in correspondence with the above-mentioned Conception recognition of physical culture should promote its phenomenon as one of the basic components of aggregate culture of mankind. The students youth had to acquire skills to use their inborn physical abilities, to improve and to strengthen their health, to harness the accumulated and acquired knowledge, means and methods directed at the development of body, spiritual, moral and intellectual forces. At the same time a role of out-of-doors forms of physical education is disclosed badly/

Conformably that decreased broad sections of students interest to those forms of sports activity. Sporting sections, optional classes and other forms of individual physical activity were used by the majority of students – sportsmen, who continued to polish their sporting mastership in the higher educational establishments. As far as the other students and especially the youth with weak health were not taken into account. So a broad drawing of students youth in supporting the government’s policy concerning physical education didn’t turn out.

The 21^st century has brought its correction in the development of physical education and sports, its influence on forming harmoniously developed personality who can make reasonable decisions in problematic situations and solve problems effectively. It concerns the students youth to a great extent, who will be in the nearest future professionals and conscious citizens of their independent country.

As the Ukrainian educationalist A.Illichenko says “perspectives of the development of the Ukrainian state for the nearest decades demand a deep renewal of educational system in physical culture which is put in the position of entertaining and sanitation discipline. A practice confirms the fact that the major part of school pupils of public schools have unsatisfactory physical preparation and they are not capable to achieve the standards of perfection and deftness, strength and speed which correspond to the level recognized by the world scientific and sporting community” [4, c. 14].

Reforming of physical education in public schools gives a possibility to implant future school-leavers a new view on their health, means of its preservation and strengthening; it will form in them a responsible attitude to physical culture and physical training, confidence in vital necessity of physical education for the students’ life in future.

In an instructive-methodological letter, devoted to teaching the subject “Physical Culture” in 2001-2002 academic year, it was stressed that “physical culture” was the most important component of humanitarian upbringing and it was directed at the development in public understanding of values of healthy way of life and physical health, necessity and habit to go in for sports or physical training, wish to achieve an optimum level of personal health, physical abilities, movable qualities, moral and strong-willed features of character and psychological grounding for providing an active way life, professional activity and defence of Motherland” [5, c. 10].

With a view of the development of culture of health and healthy way of life in students, securing an integral unity of their spiritual and physical values the Project of Conception of Development of Physical Culture for 2001-2002 academic year includes the tasks of physical education in universities and colleges of higher education which should be closely connected with the specificity of professional training at the faculties. Correspondently chairs of physical training and sports clubs of higher educational institutions have to work out a content and forms of conducting classes, to realize a distribution of students into groups, taking into account their physical ability and interests, to lay out their participation in sports and physical culture arrangements. In every university and higher educational college definite kinds of sport should be cultivated and developed with regard for their possibilities and traditions [4, c. 17].

As far as organization and pedagogic basis of the discipline “Physical Education” is concerned it has been determined that traditional organization form of physical education in higher educational institutions are classes, conducted in correspondence with an academic plan and programmes. Except of classes different out-of-doors forms of training should be used, in particular, sports sections, sports societies, special medical groups, groups of therapeutic physical training.

Educational programmes in physical training at universities and colleges of higher education include elements of different kinds of sport and physical exercises. These programmes foresee effective mechanisms of their practical realization which are grounded on the principles of individualization and democratization of teaching process: differentiated organization of classes in physical training taking into account a state of health, a physical condition and interest of students; a wide choice of indoors and out-of-doors forms of conducting training in physical culture which guarantee an individual approach to it and keeping principles of pedagogic of cooperation; a provision with a scientifically valid value of moving activity which is necessary for normal functioning of forming organism [4, c. 16].

A great attention is paid to the organization of therapeutic physical training groups and groups of physical rehabilitation, special medical groups. It is stressed that classes in physical training should conduct only instructors who have a special education.

So, having considered two conceptions devoted to the development of physical culture in students we may conclude that they are alike in many aspects. Common for them is a popularization of healthy way of life, obligatory involving of all students in physical training classes, encouraging them for individual training in sports sections of universities, division of students into basic and medical groups, development in them necessity and custom regularly to do physical exercises and to go in for sports; development in students youth moral and strong-willed qualities and features of character, psychological readiness for conducting a healthy way of life, professional activity; a defence of Motherland.

These two systems of development of physical culture in universities and other higher educational institutions differ in their approacher to its realization within the time of Ukrainian existence as an independent state a transition from a mass and obligatory participation in physical training and sporting movement to sanitation and prophylactic encouraging for healthy way of life took place, that is a differentiated popularization of physical culture in accordance with the future occupation and understanding of the necessity of provision and strengthening ones own health has come to take tough physical training and sports standards place; democratization of foreign policy relation in various spheres of social life including sports took place too. In general administer and command system of management has been changed gradually for democratic which orients itself on humane values in the field of sports.

To study at university demands from a young man straining of intellectual, volitional and physical forces, forming of purposeful personality, who can make responsible decisions, knows what and how to do who is characterized by strong physical and psychological health. Future specialists must have well-developed memory and ability for a prompt processing of information and statistics data. Healthy physical and psychological state, attractive out-ward appearance serve a reliable means of successful socialization of a young man, a means of his physical existence, a trusty privilege of making his career.

At the same time a state of school-leavers health remains a very important problem for universities and other higher educational institutes of Ukraine till nowadays. A fearful statistics concerning school-children death during physical training classes at schools make us think that every year a youth with week health enter universities and colleges of our country and gloomy reality has a tendency to grow. That is why introduction of democratic, personally-oriented conception of development of physical education at universities and colleges of higher education gives a good possibility to develop a healthy, harmonious, spiritual and physically trained personality.

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