Economic sciences /2. Financial relations
Ivanenko
O.I.
Taras Shevchenko national University of Kyiv
Task
and informative providing of analysis of active operations of credit unions
The purpose of analysis of active operations
is, from one side estimation of rationality of actual structure of assets from
the point of view providing of profitability and stability of work of credit
union, and from other determination of ways of its optimization and summarizing
estimation, prognosis of future results of activity and financial potential of
credit union.
The purpose of analysis of active operations of
credit union is specified in such tasks: 1) research and estimation of dynamics
of composition, volumes and structure of assets; 2) research and estimation of
dynamics of composition, volumes and structure of profitable and unprofitable
assets; 3) research and estimation of quality of assets; research and
estimation of quality of credit brief-case is after the classification types of credits; 4) research and estimation
of immobilel assets is in an account receivable, capital investments et al; 5) summarizing
estimation of assets and determination of ways of optimization of their
structure.
There are certain requirements in relation to
quality of information. For the lead through of analysis of active operations
of credit union it is necessary to have analytical materials which allow
getting reliable, complete and comprehensive information about a credit union.
The informative providing of analysis of active
operations consists of:
- legal information, which is contained in laws
which regulate economic activity of credit union;
-
directive information which contains in positions of the State commission on
adjusting of markets of financial services of Ukraine;
- information of record-keeping and financial
reporting, in particular: forms ¹1 «Balance», forms ¹ 2 «Reports are on
financial results», forms ¹3 «A report is on a cash flow»; additions to Order
of drafting and presentation of accounting by credit unions and incorporated
credit unions to the State commission on adjusting of markets of financial
services of Ukraine: addition 2 « Current information about financial activity
of credit union», addition 3 «Current information about composition of assets
and passive voices of credit union», addition 4 «Current information about
profits and charges of credit union», addition 5 «Calculation of necessary sum
of reserve of providing of coverage of losses from the unreturned credits»,
addition 6 «Current information about credit activity of credit union»; given
accounts of the analytical accounting,
credit businesses which allow to go
into a detail balance accounts.
Introduction of the offered form of current
information it can be utillized also, as an informative base for the lead through
of analytical calculations.
As a result of substantial changes at the
financial market the value of analysis of activity grows both for a credit
union and for its business partners, clients, and the state, on the whole. Regular lead through
of analysis of activity allows effectively managing a credit union by active
and passive operations that is instrumental in maximization of income and
providing of the stable financial state.
This is important especially in modern terms,
when the rivalry of unbank financial -credit establishments and banks which
execute different operations on bringing in of free money resources of
enterprises and population was sharpened . The important elements of analysis
of active operations are determination of objects of analysis and system of
indexes by which each will be study of objects of analysis. The article of
analysis of active operations of credit union is copulas of the economic
phenomena and processes, which influence on the productive assets of credit
union.
Research of assets of credit union consists in
the use of analytical receptions, directed on determination of general volume
of facilities what are in its order, their structures and dynamics in an
analytical period. For the lead through of analysis of active operations of
credit union by us the followings methods were utillized :
1. A method of comparison. Comparison of
the unknown (probed) phenomenon, objects, assumes with known, studied before, with the
purpose of determination of them general lines or divergences.
2. A method of bringing indexes over is
in a comparative kind.
3. A method of the use of absolute and
relative indexes. Absolute indexes characterize quantitative sizes allotted a
credit, capital of credit union,, attracted facilities and others like that, and the relative represent
correlation of any absolute indexes by one on other. Relative indexes are expressed in the form of
coefficients or percents.
4. A method of groupings. Allows by
systematization of information of balance to understand essence of the
phenomena and processes which are analyze.
5. Balance method. Serves as a main
method for the reflection of correlations, proportions of two groups of
interdependent and balanced economic indicators results of which must be
identical.
6. Graphic method.
7. Method of tabular reflection of
analytical information.
8. Korelyaciyno-regresiniy analysis of
models which describe copulas between the ball estimation of activity of credit
unions and them by factor economic descriptions.
9. A method of the linear programming, the
use of which enables to define the optimum financial program of the use of
active operations, which provides maximum profitability at minimum financial
risks.
The financial state of credit union is
characterized a size and capital and obligations and their placing structure in his assets. It shows up in the level of
liquidity, solvency, and financial
firmness and determines activity of credit union in a short-term and long-term
prospect. Financial potential of credit union is characterized a size and
structure of his assets which are formed due to available financial resources
(as own, such attracted and loan). The
optimum placing of financial resources ground one of major principles of
providing of financial stability,
solvency and liquidity of credit union.
The analysis of active operations of credit
unions assumes the analysis of structure of him active operations and
estimation of economic activity and risks of separate operations. Analysis
directions of the use of facilities, compare obtained information to analogical
information of other credit unions, and also mark change during the probed interval of time. Not because of general
tendencies in composition and structure of assets, every credit union must
aspire to creation the rational structure of assets, which
depends above all things on quality of assets. Quality of assets is
determined their liquidity, volume of risk
assets, specific gravity of
critical and inferior assets, volume of assets which give a profit.
It is necessary to know the fate of the given out loans in all of attracted a credit union
facilities, correctly to estimate the credit policy of union. One of the
important stages of analysis of active operations there is an estimation of
their risks. It is necessary to estimate the methods of management active
operations and find out, whether created enough backlogs of providing of
coverage of losses from the unreturned credits. There fore the assets of credit
union can be classified from point of degree of risk. Necessary also and
high-quality analysis of credit investments of credit union which assumes the
detailed consideration of every credit agreement separately, terms, sums,
objects of crediting, possible risks. The analysis of such data allows drawing
a conclusion about quality of credit briefcase.
For providing of daily possibility of credit
union to answer after the obligations, the structure of its assets must answer the high-quality requirements of
liquidity. After this purpose, all of assets of credit union divided into
groups after the degree of liquidity, depending on the term of redemption. The
assets of credit union are dividing into high liquidity assets (those assets,
liquid assets, assets of long-term liquidity.
The purpose of analysis of quality of assets is
determination of their viability and rightness of reflection of their cost in a
credit union.
High-quality composition of assets is
characterized correlation of productive and idle operations and charges on own
necessities Character of credit policy influences on profitability and liquidity of credit union. The increase of
specific gravity of credit investments in general assets testifies that a
credit union tries to promote profitability of assets, ignoring their
liquidity.
For the estimation of quality of assets, it
follows to weigh on their risks, which depends on the volume of placing of
facilities in assets. To that end assets it follows to expect, because of
coefficients of their risks, that possibility of loss of part of their cost be
because of that or other active operation. For minimization of risks, related
to ability of credit union to pay a shot after the obligations the norm of
coefficient of solvency is set. The coefficient of solvency is determined as
correlation of regulative capital (personal funds) of credit union to the total
assets, to self-weight after the degree of risk.
Assets, self-weighted on a risk - total assets,
self-weighted after the degree of risk of separate balance sheet items. For the
calculation of coefficient of solvency assets, divide into five groups after
the degree of risk and summarized taking into account the proper weighing
coefficients :
- I group of assets with the degree of risk 0 percents:
money facilities by cash on a hand and on current accounts in jars; state
securities;
- ²² group of assets with the degree of risk 20
percents: money facilities are on a holdings deposit) accounts in jars;
payments (holdings) are on savings accounts in the incorporated credit union;
- ²²² group of assets with the degree of risk
50 percents: payments are to the capital of the incorporated credit union;
payments are to the capital of cooperative bank; money facilities, borne on
reverse basis to the general financial funds of associations of credit unions;
remaining cost of the fixed assets, immaterial assets and other irreversible
assets;
- ²V group of assets with the degree of risk
100 percents: credits, given the members of credit union (except for unreturned
and hopeless); credits, given credit unions (except for unreturned and
hopeless); other account receivable;
- V group of assets with the degree of risk 150
percents: credits, given the members of credit union. Ac know ledged unreturned
or hopeless.
A normative value of coefficient of solvency
cannot be less than, than 8 percents.
Analyze influence of every article,
it is possible to draw a conclusion - than greater specific gravity in
composition of balance is made by the unreturned and hopeless credits, the
credit union must have a greater capital.
Position is set requirements to the
credit unions on the observance of indexes in relation to quality of assets:
1. The lump sum of debt after the
overdue, hopeless and prolonged credits unreturned, must not exceed 100
percents from the sum of regular capital (personal funds) except for a capital,
formed due to ration payments;
2. The lump sum of debt after the
overdue, hopeless and prolonged credits unreturned,, not recovered the formed
reserve of providing of coverage of losses from the unreturned loans, must not
exceed 10 percents from the lump sum of debt after allotted a credit;
3. The lump sum of the attracted
payments (holdings) of members of credit union on savings accounts and other
obligations of credit union, which percents counted after, must not exceed the
sum of active operations;
4. The lump sum of payments of
credit union to the capital of the incorporated credit union, payments, to the capital of cooperative bank
and money facilities, placed in state securities, must not exceed 50 percents
from the capital of credit union;
5. Sum allotted a credit must not be
the members of credit union and temporally free facilities of members of credit
union less than amount of monies, which belong to the members of credit union,
credits of banks, credits of the incorporated credit union and facilities of
other establishments and organizations attracted on contractual terms.
To our opinion, the method of
calculation of indexes of quality of assets is resulted, allows the beginners
of credit business to have orienteer for providing of certain level of
financial firmness at the market of credit services. However, this method
reduces the level of maneuverability of credit union in the circumstances of
crediting. There fore suggest perfecting this method by the correction of point
3. Namely, suggest enter the coefficient of increase (diminishing) of fate of
active operations depending on the current results of monitoring of credit
market. If a credit market of certain segment of crediting is in the phase of
stabilizing, then the fate of active operations for him can be biggest. And if
the analysis of tendencies of unconcern of crediting specifies on instability,
the fate of active operations must diminish.
Literature:
1. Microfinance in the EU // Giodano Dell’Amore Foundation, March 2003. –
2. O’Dwyer Liam. Credit Unions Prioritizing Social Gain (an approach to Micro
Credit) / – Presentation to Open Days 2007 on Micro Credit. – Access