Economics / 7. Accounting and Auditing

R. Abdullina Senior Lecturer
Yu-Malyukina student specialty "Accounting and Auditing"

Kostanai State University. A.Baitursynov, Kazakhstan

The nature and cost structure of products (works, services)

The nature and cost structure of products (works, uslugSebestoimost product valuation is used in the production of goods (works , services) of natural resources, raw materials, fuel, energy, fixed assets, labor and other costs of its production and sales .
In other words, it shows how much it costs each organization production and marketing (sales ) of goods (works , services).
Product cost is a qualitative indicator , which reflects the results concentrated activities of the organization , its achievements and its reserves . The lower cost of production , the more labor saving funds better used , materials, fuel , the cheaper production costs both the enterprise and society .
In the article " Analysis of the cost of production in modern conditions" by Nicholas E., doctor of economic sciences , professor, head of the " Accounting and Business Analysis " Moscow State University Press , determines cost of the most important qualitative indicator of the efficiency of managing a commercial entity. In this article the author describes how the approach to index the cost of production due to the transition from a command control system for a market management system.

The cost of production as a generalized indicator has the following meaning:
- Expresses the results of the entire production and business enterprises;
- Forms the basis of the prices of commodities;
- Is one of the key elements that determine the amount of profit and ultimately the result of financial activity.

More economical than the organization uses the material, human and financial resources in the manufacture of products, performance of works and rendering of services, the more efficient manufacturing process, the greater the profit.
One important factor in obtaining reliable data on the cost of production and financial performance of the organization is a clear definition of operating costs. From what costs are associated with the production of products, and which are influenced by other phenomena dependent value of financial results (profit), and accuracy of calculating income tax. Therefore necessary to determine the costs of forming the cost of production.

It should be noted that in systems of financial and managerial accounting approaches to the formation of different cost. In managerial accounting prime cost is to have complete control of the image costs. Therefore, in the current account may use different methods for calculating the cost. In the calculation can participate, even those costs are not included in the cost of goods (works, services) in financial accounting.

In business practice the following main types of cost:

1. Depending on the ratio of costs:
- Individual, which are determined by the cost of a particular organization;
- The industry average - determined the average cost in the production process in the industry;
2. Depending on the methods of calculation:
- Planned - is based on the planned costs of production;
- Actual - reflects the actual costs of the enterprise;
3. Depending on the sequence of formation of the cost of the enterprise:
- Guild - includes all costs for production manufacturing plants;
- Manufacturing - includes all the costs of the whole enterprise for production, ie shop cost and works general calculations;
- Complete - includes production costs and Non-manufacturing costs.
In his article "The process of cost management of a commercial organization," whose author is a professor at Moscow State University of Printing Merzlikina EM, stating that a detailed analysis of the cost of production is necessary to improve the process of cost management organization to have the necessary information for analysis.

To account for the cost of construction and installation works and financial result construction companies should be governed by the statutory accounting documents - primarily, the Accounting Regulations "Income" and the Accounting Regulations "Expenses organization."
When forming the costs for construction and installation work must be ensured their grouping on the following elements:
- Material costs (excluding the cost of returnable waste);

- Labor costs;
- Social contributions;
- Depreciation of fixed assets;
- Other costs.
In "material costs" reflects the price:
- Acquired from the raw materials, which are part of the product being produced, forming its basis, or are an essential ingredient in the manufacture of products;
- Purchased materials used in the production process to ensure the proper process and product packaging or spent on other industrial and economic needs;
- Purchased parts and semi-finished products are then subjected to further processing or assembly in the enterprise;
- Work and productive services performed by enterprises;
- Acquired by consumption of all kinds;
- Losses from shortage of material resources received within the rules of natural attrition.