Начало формы

RELATIONSHIP OF MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES

AND HEMODYNAMICS IN ATHLETES


 Fanis Mavliev1, Natalia Rylova1, Gulshat Khafizova1, Firuza Zotova1, Helena Gapeyeva2



1Volga region State Academy of Physical Culture, Sports and Tourism, Kazan, Russia

2Institute of Exercise Biology and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Correspondence to:

Fanis Mavliev

Volga region State Academy of Physical Culture, Sports and Tourism, Kazan, Russia

33, Universiade Village, Kazan, 420138

Russia

Tel./fax: +79274609510

E-mail: fanis16rus@mail.ru

 

Abstract

Morphofunctional features are significant determinants of hemodynamic parameters in athletes. In the current study have been identified the relations of morphological indicators and hemodynamics in young people engaged in various sports and having the athletic skills from the 1st grade to sport master. Significant correlations were observed between hemodynamic characteristics and selected morphological parameters, e.g. skinfold thickness under shoulder blade had significant (p<0.05) negative correlations with stroke volume (r=-0.583) and end-diastolic blood index (r=-0.582); and positive correlations with the index of total peripheral vascular resistance (r=0.574), variability of the stroke volume (r=0.65) and filling rate (r=0.56). Hand circumference associated with diastolic (r=0.67) and mean arterial pressure (r=0.61). It is shown that the somatotype of athletes is a significant factor in determining the characteristics of their hemodynamics.

Keywords: morphological features, somatotype, hemodynamics, athletes.




Introduction

Morphological characteristics of a person are associated not only with the body proportions, but also with features of functional systems of the organism [5,6,16], and are determined even at the biochemical level [9]. The dependence of functional possibilities on the constitutional features is most pronounced in sport [7,12,14] where event-specifically several physical characteristics or their combinations (speed, exercise tolerance, strength) have to be demonstrated [15,20].  Athletic achievements are based on varying degrees of development of functional systems (respiratory, cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, etc.), and the hyperfunction of one system can be combined with less functionality of the other one, determined by the specifics of training and innate morphological features. The specificity of response to physical exercise has been observed in patients with different somatotype [10], for example, the smallest changes in response to exercises occurred in patients with hypersthenic (muscle) somatotype [8]. The manifestation of speed-strength characteristics provided by morphological features of athletes have been noted [2, 19], as well as their dependence on sport qualifications [13] that can be used in sport selection at the stage of initial training [1]. When performing specific physical activity, similar advantages of constitutional features, cannot be provided only by morphological foundations. These will be based on specific differences between functional systems, which will play a significant role depending on the type load [11].

To date, most studies of morphological features are based on distributing the tested individuals according to somatotypes [17,18,21], thus limiting the analysis of interrelations of  morphological characteristics with the studied indicators. This approach does not allow us to identify the functional heterogeneity of studied individuals, which can be observed even within a single body type. In particular, the analysis of morphological features without differentiation by somatotypes will reveal in more detail the interrelations of body parameters with hemodynamic parameters of the investigated individuals, helping to reveal the factors underlying the manifestation of different physical properties, as well as the reason of their conditionality by both morphological and hemodynamic factors [12].

The aim of the study was determining the interrelations of morphological indicators and hemodynamic features in young athletes aged 17-20 years.

Materials and Methods

Subjects.  Thirteen young male athletes aged 17-20 years with the sport skill level from the 1st grade to the sport master from the national team of the Republic of Tatarstan participated in the study. They were engaged in different kinds of sports: rowing (n=5), badminton (n=1), athletics (n=2, sprint), volleyball (n=2),  arm wrestling (n=1), tennis (n=1) and football (n=1). The period of sport training in all athletes ranged from 5 to 8 years, the training load per week being 12 hours. The athletes` selection of different sport kinds has been chosen with a reason to have the different sampling in morphological features for further correlation analysis.  The measurement of the studied subjects was performed during the preparation period. The subjects’ written informed consent was obtained for participation in the study.

Anthropometric parameters measurements The morphological constitution of athletes has been determined by the anthropometric method. According to anatomical points are identified body height, longitudinal dimensions of extremities (length of shoulders, forearms, hands, hips, calves, feet), width of bony structures (chest, pelvis, elbows, wrists, hands, knee joints, ankle joints, feet), and relative widths of chest and pelvis in relation to the body height. Besides, the girths of chest, pelvis, extremities and skinfolds under shoulder blade, over pectoral muscle, on abdomen, upper arm, back of hand, thigh and lower leg were measured [16].

Hemodynamic parameters measurements The study of hemocirculation was performed using the multifunctional complex of multi-parameter monitoring "MARG K 10-01" (Mikrolux, Russia). The following parameters of hemodynamics were recorded: stroke volume (SV) - according to the data of electro-cardiogram (ECG) and the first derivative of transthoracal rheogram (ml); blood volume per minute (BVМ, l/min), stroke volume (SV, ml), end-diastolic volume (EDV, ml), end-diastolic index (EDI, ml/m2), index of total peripheral resistance (ITPR, dyn × s × cm ×  cm 5), stroke index (SI , ml/m2), diastolic blood pressure (DBP, mm Hg) and mean blood pressure (MBP, mm Hg), ejection fraction (EF) - calculation of the parameter according to ECG and the first derivative of transthoracal rheogram (%), aortic pulse amplitude (АPА, Om), micro-vessels of finger pulse amplitude (МPA, ohms), respiratory wave of aorta (RWА , ohms), respiratory wave of micro-vessels of finger (RWМ, Om), blood pressure (BP, mm Hg.) – according to speed of distribution of  pulse wave (between tooth "R" of ECG and peak of the first derivative of pulse wave of micro-vessels of finger); heart rate (HR)  - according to ECG  data (in beats/min).  In addition to the traditional hemodynamic parameters, variability of filling rate (VFR) and variability of stroke volume (VSV) were recorded, which, in contrast to the traditional calculation, are measured in percents during the interval which is greater than or equal to the period of breathing by formula: Variability = (Max. value - Min. value) / Max. value * 100%). Respiratory rate was determined by the rheographic method.

Totally, 44 indicators characterizing anthropometric features of the tested individuals and 33 indicators – activities of cardiovascular system were analyzed. All measurements have been done in resting condition.

Statistics. The obtained data was subjected to correlation analysis (method of Bravais-Pearson in case of parametric values or Spearman rank correlation method in case of non-parametric values and depending on the character of distribution of the studied parameters) to identify correlations between the studied parameters.

Results

Correlations between anthropometric parameters and cardio-hemodynamic characteristics are presented in Table 1. Numerous morphological and hemodynamic parameters were identified which had different statistically significant correlations (p≤0.05). The study showed that the largest number of interrelations with hemodynamics was found with the traditionally measured anthropometric index – subcutaneous skinfold under scapula, which correlated with such parameters as stroke volume (r=-0.583, p<0.05) and end-diastolic index of blood (r=-0.582, p<0.05), index of total peripheral resistance (r=0.574, p<0.05). The girth of hand correlated positively (p<0.05) with DBP and MBP (r=0.674 and r=0.607, respectively). High correlation (p<0.05) between the girth of hand DBP, MBP and HR was noted (r=0.648, r=0.716, r=0.708, respectively). Body height correlated positively (r=0.620, p<0.05) with EDV.

Discussion

In the present study demonstrated significant correlations between subcutaneous skinfolds under scapula, girth of hand, width of pelvis, body height and hemodynamic features in young male athletes aged 17-20 years.

Such a relation can be characterized as a reduction of blood flow indices that reflect perfusion (SI) and preload (EDI) due to increased afterload (ITRP) in individuals with a large number of subcutaneous fat folds in this area. Correlations with specific indicators of hemodynamics have also been noted, possessing certain information value, especially for patients with artificial respiration – the variability in stroke volume (VSV) and variability in filling rate (VFR) that is possibly determined by the specificity of vegetative support with morphofunctional features.

The girth of hand had high positive relations with diastolic and mean arterial pressure, probably due to correlations of the hand girth with indicators reflecting the relative width of pelvis (in relation to the body height), which is also highly positively correlated with blood pressure values DBP and MBP. The elevated BP values are more typical for hypersthenic stature, this was noted by the authors in the study of primary school children [3]. Positive relationships emerged between the relative width of pelvis with heart rate (HR), that is consistent with research results on the hemodynamics of skiers, where the increase in HR of skiers with normosthenic constitution was established in relation to those with the asthenic one [7].

The positive relationship of body height to the upper anterior axis of iliac spine (as well as the body height as a whole) with end-diastolic and stroke volume of blood (r=0.62, p<0.05) was marked, whereas no statistically significant correlations emerged with BVM and HR. It indicated that athletes with larger heart volume had a greater length of the body. Analogous data in regard to body height and heart volume were described previously also [4, 10]. No statistically significant correlations of inotropic function of the heart with anthropometric data were found. The negative correlation (r=-0.62 and r=-0.56, p<0.05) of shoulder girth (in tense and in relaxed state) with SI seems to be interesting, but requires further investigation.
Negative relationships of respiratory rate with circumference of the chest at rest (r=-0.66, p<0.05), on exhale (r=-0.62, p<0.05) and inspiration (r=-0.67, p<0.05), as well as with sagittal (anteroposterior) diameter of the chest (r=-0.75, p<0.001) shows a close relationship of respiratory function with the girth of the chest - the efficiency of respiratory function directly depends on this parameter.

Conclusion
In the present study significant correlations were noted between subcutaneous skinfolds under scapula, girth of hand, width of pelvis, body height and hemodynamic features in young male athletes aged 17-20 years. It is shown that morphological parameters possess medium and high correlations with hemodynamic characteristics, which seem to be the foundation for morphofunctional features of athletes practicing various kinds of sports. It can be concluded that above mentioned morphological characteristics are most specific for determining of hemodynamics in highly qualified athletes.


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