Bayakhmetova
Aisulu Akhmetbekovna
kandidate of philological
sciences,
docent
of the Theory of Languages and Literature Department of KSU after A.
Baitursynov, Kostanay, Kazakhstan
THE
SEMANTIC FIELD OF THE FORMANT -EЦ IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE AS A RESULT OF THE ROOT VALENCY
The word-forming model is a structural
scheme of derivative words with an indication of specific affixes. In the
process of the formation of derivatives, we can trace an alterability of an
inner content of the semantic field. In this article, we have tried to analyze
the semantic field of the formant -ец as a result of the root
valency. The suffix -ец as a result of the compatibility with a forming basis
forms the derivatives, that are included in the lexico-semantic group "specific
object"; "living organism"; "person";
"place"; "quantity"; "abstract notion";
"action".
As a result of the root
valency the suffix -ец forms the derivatives denoting the objects based on
their purpose, material, quality, namely: "the name of the objects of
household purpose": трезубец "a rod, staff with three teeth - an
attribute of the God of the seas in the Greek and Roman mythology" (MLRLD,
t. XV: 874), поставец "in former times, a type of a low
cupboard with shelves for keeping tableware and other household items (MLRLD,
t. X: 1522), светец "in former times, a stand
for a splinter that lights a housing, and also a lighting appliance made of a
stand and a fixed splinter in it" (MLRLD, t. XIII: 330), родословец "a genealogy book" (MLRLD, t. XII: 1392), тупец "a blunt knife or an ax" (MLRLD, t. XV:
1137); "the name of types of food": холодец "the same as jelly" (MLRLD, t. XVII: 340), сырец "an unprocessed to the end or crude product (RLD,
t. IV: 326), липец "a linden honey"
(MLRLD, t. VI: 242), смалец "a melted internal pig
lard" (RLED, 734), сканец "a thinly rolled flapjack
in some oil" (RLED, t. IV: 734); "the name of beverages": взварец "a beverage made of beer, wine, honey boiled with
spicy roots" (MLRLD, t. II: 285), суровец "kvass made of flour"
(MLRLD, t. XIV: 1212); "the name of clothes, a part of clothes, or a
headdress": чепец "an old-fashioned woman's
headdress in the form of a bonnet, usually with ties under the chin" (MLRLD, t.
XVII: 845); "the name of footwear, a part of footwear": валенец "the same as valenki" (MLRLD, t. II: 33); "anatomical
names": крестец "a bone of five accreted
vertebrae that adjoin to the pelvis bones" (MLRLD, t. V: 1634), соколец "a sinew on the front leg of a horse, from which
the blood is released in case of a disease, and also a vein leading to a
thumb" (RLED, t. IV: 364); сосец "the same as a
nipple" (MLRLD, t. XIV: 351), хвостец "the same as a
coccyx" (MLRLD, t. XVII: 110), палец "one of the five mobile
terminal parts of
a human hand or a foot" (MLRLD, t. IX: 55); "the name of
rocks": солонец "a soil, containing a
considerable quantity of absorbed sodium" (MLRLD, t. XIV: 236), серебрец "an old-fashioned name of platinum" (MLRLD,
t. XIII: 689), орлец "a stone of a dark pink
or dark red color, a red quartz" (MLRLD, t. XIII: 1032); "the name
of substances": пурганец "an emetic powder; a purgative"
(MLRLD, t. XI: 1693). The suffix -ец with the meaning of a concrete
object is rarely used in LSG "the name of substances", "the
name of clothes, a part of clothes, or a headdress", "the name of
footwear, a part of footwear", "the name of beverages"; is
not used in LSG "the name of a specific object".
The suffix -ец forms
the derivatives of lexico-semantic groups "living organism",
and specifically: "zoonames": сеноставец "an animal of the rodent order that sets up a
little stacks of hay at the entrance to a hole; a pika" (MLRLD, t. XIII:
650), червец "a proboscidean insect,
of the order of damselflies that feeds on plant sap" (MLRLD, t. XVII:
848), иноходец "an ambling horse"
(MLRLD, t. V: 369), жеребец "a male of a horse, that
has reached maturity" (RLED, 192), рыбец "a fish of the carp order
that has a good palatability" (MLRLD, t. XII: 1606), рябец "the same as a grouse" (MLRLD, t. XII: 1651,
1657), живец "a small living fish that is skewered on
a hook for catching a bigger fish" (RLED, 193), голец "a small fishof the carp order with a slimy skin
instead of scales" (MLRLD, t. III: 210), агнец "old-fashioned - a lamb" (MLRLD, t. I: 45), птенец "a nestling" (MLRLD, t. XI: 1636), синец "a type of bream" (MLRLD, t. XIII: 830), ремнец "a summer worm that parasitizes in the bodies of
fish and water fowl" (MLRLD, t. XII: 1213), толкунец "a swarm of gnat" (MLRLD, t. XV: 557), скворец "an average-sized migrant songbird of the
passerine order with a short tail, staright beak and rather large wings"
(MLRLD, t. XIII: 923), кольчец "the same as an annelid
worm, a type of worms the bodies of which are segmented in circles"; "phitonyms":
красноголовец "an orange-cap
boletus" (RLD, t. I: 1500), огурец "a vegetable plant of the
Cucurbitaceae order with a green elongated edible body" (RLED, 445), баранец "a plant called сорокоспелка" (MLRLD, t. I: 273), звонец "a harmful weed
plant" (MLRLD, t. IV: 1154), воронец "a tall forest grassy
plant with clusters of whitish flowers of the Ranunculaceae order" (MLRLD,
t. II: 678), типец "the same as типчак - a fescue plant" (MLRLD, t.
XV: 447, 455), чабрец "the same as чабер, a grassy plant that contains essential
oils" (MLRLD, t. XVII: 736), щербец "obl. чабрец of the Piperaceae family, the fruit of which have a
specific hot flavor" (MLRLD, t. IX: 997), пестрец "the name of the mushroom called a
Xerocomus" (MLRLD, t. IX: 1092), острец "a perennial weed plant
of the Poaceae family
used as a fodder" (MLRLD, t. VIII: 1192), шпорец "a hollow outgrowth at the base of a flower of
some plants, that serves as a nectar receptacle" (RLD, t. IV: 729), якорец "a plant of the Zygophyllaceae family"
(MLRLD, t. XVII: 2072), чистец "a grassy plant of the Lamiaceae family with
flowers clustered in ear-like inflorescences" (MLRLD, t. XVII: 1056), волчец "a weed-like usually prickly plant of the Asteraceae
family" (MLRLD, t. II: 627), померанец "a subtropical evergreen
tree of the Rutaceae
family with orange and red bitter fruit" (MLRLD, t. X: 1166), ржанец "ergot" (RLED, t. III: 1358), козелец "the name of various plants of the Compositae
family" (MLRLD, t. V: 1115) (only 18 examples). One of the pruductive
suffixes in the formation of the lexico-semantic group "person" is
the suffix -ец.
The derivatives with the
suffix -ец are
included in the lexico-semantic group "person", and specifically:
"qualitative-evaluative feature": глупец "a silly person, a person who engages in foolery
or who says stupid things" (MLRLD, t. III: 152), безумец "a person who acts unadvisedly" (MLRLD, t.
I: 364), упрямец "an obstinate
person" (MLRLD, t. XVI: 790), стервец "the same as стерва (a mean and disgusting person) (MLRLD, t. XIV: 852,
852), храбрец "a brave person"
(MLRLD, t. XVII: 432), скупец "a stingy person"
(MLRLD, t. XIII: 1094); "ethnicity": украинец "people of the Eastern Slavic group who make up
the primary population of the Ukrainian SSR; individuals belonging to this
group" (MLRLD, t. XVI: 485, 486), эстонец "people of the
Finno-Ugric group that make up the primary population of the Estonian SSR"
(MLRLD, t. XVII: 1927), азербайджанец "the primary ethnicity of
the Azerbaijan SSR, Turkic peoples" (MLRLD, t. I: 64); the names of
certain affiliations "an affiliation to social and idealistic
tendencies, parties, institutions": комсомолец "a memebr of the Communist Youth Union" (MLRLD, t. V: 1269), нахимовец "a student of Nakhimov Naval School" (MLRLD,
t. VII: 623), мичуринец "a follower of advanced
and scientific methods of biology and agriculture management created by I. V.
Michurin" (MLRLD, t. VI: 1067); "place of origin": скандинавец "a group of people (Swedes, Norwegians, Danes,
Icelanders) that populate the Scandinavian Peninsula and the adjacent islands
that belong to this group of people" (MLRLD, t. VIII: 894, 895), канадец "the Canadian residents, descendants of the
European immigrants and the US" (MLRLD, t. V: 743), зеландец "the primary population of Zealand" (MLRLD,
t. IV: 1184), голландец "the main ethnicity of
the Netherlands" (MLRLD, t. III: 211), лапландец "a part of the Sami people living on the Lapland Peninsula"
(MLRLD, t. VI: 62); "place of residence"; "age": старец "an old man (with a tone of reverence and
respect) (MLRLD, t. XIV: 743), юнец "a boy - teenager,
lad" (MLRLD, t. VI: 528), хлопец "a youth, lad (usually in
the Ukrainian speech or about a Ukrainian)" (MLRLD, t. VII: 205), молодец "a young person, a slashing fellow" (MLRLD,
t. VI: 1180); "profession": отопленец "a heating system and service specialist" (RLD, t. II: 697), канатоходец "an artist in a circus who makes exercises in the
air on a strained rope" (MLRLD, t. V: 746), кузнец "a master of manual forging" (MLRLD, t. V:
1796), правоведец "the same as a
jurisprudent (a jurisprudency specialist) (MLRLD, t. XI: 30), продавец "a person who sells something or somebody"
(MLRLD, t. XI: 1023), швец "the same as a
tailor" (RLED, 893), живописец "a painter who paints
pictures" (MLRLD, t. IV: 116); "type of occupation": песнотворец "a creator or a writer of songs" (MLRLD, t.
IX: 1080), краснорядец "a person who sells red
goods in a red aisle" (MLRLD, t. V: 1594), чтец "a person who reads something written or
published" (MLRLD, t. XVII: 1112), хлебопашец "a person who does arable
farming; a cultivator" (MLRLD, t. XVII: 183), землепашец "the same as a peasant; a cultivator"
(MLRLD, t. IV: 1198); "affinity": чужеродец "a person from a different kin; not a
relative" (MLRLD, t. XI: 1187); "property": своеземец "a small land owner in Rus' in XI-XVI
centuries" (MLRLD, t. XIII: 427), однодворец "a person among the
lowest rank of servicemen of Muscovy Rus' who owned small swathes of land who
subsequently were equated to peasants" (MLRLD, t. VIII: 689).
A broad and loose formation of names
with -ец characterizes
a modern language with such meanings as "qualitative-evaluative
feature", "ethnicity", "place of residence",
"type of occupation", "an affiliation to social and idealistic
tendencies, parties, institutions". The suffix -ец with
the meaning "person" is rarely used in the lexico-semantic group "affinity",
"property", "age", "profession".
As a result of the root
valency, the semantic field "abstract notion" can be formed,
and specifically: "name of diseases, state of person": гнилец "a
putrescent infection, a putrescence of honeycombs" (MLRLD, t. III: 181), нутрец "a disease of sex organs among male animals that
leads to infertility" (MLRLD, t. VII: 1454), родимец "a painful seizure among small children"
(MLRLD, t. XII: 1376), мокрец "a wet tetter on limbs of
domestic cattle" (MLRLD, t. VI: 159); "name of color": багрец "the
same as crimson (a red, purple color) (MLRLD, t. I: 239), румянец "a pink or red coloring of cheeks that indicates
a good health, redness because of flushing of a face" (MLRLD, t. XII:
1567), багрянец "a red, crimson
color" (MLRLD, t. I: 239).
The suffix -ец with
the meaning of the abstract notion is not used in the lexico-semantic group "names
of weather and atmospheric phenomena", "time lengths".
The derivatives with the
suffix -ец belong
to the lexico-semantic group "action", and specifically "name
of an action as a separate act": развалец "a wiggling from side to
side, a waddling when walking" (MLRLD, t. XII: 148); "name of an
action's results as a separate act": глянец "a shining, gloss, a shining surface of a fabric, skin, etc."
(MLRLD, t. III: 1053), рубец "a mark of a healed wound
on skin" (MLRLD, t. XII: 165), распевец "a church song among the
followers of Khlystyism" (MLRLD, t. XII: 677), торец "a cross section on a wood perpendicular to its
circular layers" (MLRLD, t. XV: 666).
The semantic field of "quantity"
is represented by one example: одинец "about somebody or
something that does not have similar or anything like it, unique" (MLRLD,
t. VII: 675). Thus, for the semantic field of the formant -ец as
a result of the root valency, the most productive field is the lexico-semantic
field "person".
Literature
1. Modern Literary Russian Language Dictionary. T. I-XVII.
- M. - L.: 1948-1964 years.
2. Explanatory Russian Language Dictionary/ edit. by D. N.
Ushakov. T. I-IV. - M.: 1935-1940.