PhD, Smirnova O. V.

O.M. Beketov National University of Urban Economy in Kharkiv, Ukraine

DIFFERENTIATION OF THE INNOVATIVE INFRASTRUCTURE OF TECHNOPARKS

Existing global experience in design and construction of technoparks is systematized. The features of forming of the innovative infrastructure of technoparks as architectural and urban structures of a new type are determined.

Keywords: innovation, differentiation, infrastructure, technopark, urban environment.
 

Technopark is a new form of territorial integration of science, education and industry as a union between scientific organizations, design bureaus, educational institutions, manufacturing companies or their subsidiaries. Technopark is created in order to accelerate the development and application of scientific and technological as well as technical and technological achievements by concentrating highly qualified professionals, applying equipped production and experimental information base; often it has a preferential tax treatment. [1,2] The functional structure of technopark reflects the main areas of its activity (Fig. 1). It includes:

– functional group "the core of technopark" which unites research activity enterprises (directed on fundamental research, work on the idea of product creation, its’ research and development) and experimental production enterprises (engaged in development activities, production preparation, manufacturing of new products);

– functional group "complex service" provided by enterprises engaged in commercial activities, education, management and supervision of works’ execution and promotion of the product on the market;

– functional group "simple service", provided by enterprises and firms engaged in related activities. They include: warehousing, engineering, social and personal services, business activities, housing.

The level of development of dominant and related functional groups of technopark directly affects on its differentiation.

The analysis allowed to differentiate these parks into three types: small, medium and large.

Small parks (with area up to 20 hectares) are the simplest technopark structures designed for development of small beginner firms, often they serve as innovative centers / business incubators or urban industrial parks. They are designed to accommodate small firms on average of 3-5 people involved in the development of high technologies, which are harmless and do not require large areas for research. This may be information technologies and microelectronics, precision engineering industry and instrument making, micromechanics, optics, biochemistry and biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, medicine, etc. Business area is usually dominated in the functional structure of a small urban technoparks (about 50-60%). In general, their functional and planning organization is characterized by a limited ability of territorial expansion, so while forming of these industrial parks it is necessary to be rational and economical in land usage and to achieve maximum investment efficiency. The area of landscaped territory must be at least 15%, more preferably 25-30%. Density of urban development of small industrial parks must be calculated considering the coefficient of 0.5-0.6. Small parks including objects which do not require organization of sanitary-protective zones over 50 m and if its’ area do not exceed 5 hectares can also be placed in residential, public and business areas.

In organization of functional and planning structure of small technopark it is prerequisite to include its territory into communication frame of the city, to establish common driveway network to buildings, parking lots, underground garages and to main citywide highways, airports, railway stations and bus stations as well. Parking plots are arranged at the rate of 10-15 parking places for 100 employees. The distinguishing feature is the absence of the need for organization of new major transport arteries. While developing, enterprises as a part of a technopark need some space expansion. Prospective formation of small technopark provides the following options for its further improvement:

– development using free areas of the city (creation of a dispersed city technopark structure);

– development using the border and peripheral areas of the city;

– development using free areas outside the city.

So that is how its infrastructure consistently changes and the appearance of medium and large industrial parks goes.

Medium technoparks (with area of 20-40 hectares) are formed in urban settlements structure, as well as in the peripheral areas with the prospect of further development outside the city limits. These parks have a well-developed infrastructure and are characterized by having not only basic (manufacturing, research) but also additional functional areas. The subject-spatial content of these areas foresees inclusion in their structure of a various social and cultural facilities, residential buildings, data centers and business incubators, also sports and recreational buildings, warehousing and others. Complex interaction of these objects’activity not only ensures efficient operation of all technopark, but also facilitates its further development. So, evolving over time, medium technoparks may become structural units of large industrial parks.

Large technoparks are autonomous territorial complexes with significant size (over 40 ha area), built on the basis of the organization of mutually beneficial interaction between large, medium and small forms of high-tech business, having developed scientific and industrial infrastructure, well-adjusted market infrastructure and extensive service and communication systems. They are designed as modern urban structures with all necessary infrastructure facilities and a tendency of development to the scale of a technopolis with a population of about 30-50 thousand people. Selecting the site for technopark placement is determined by the presence of large free areas. Therefore, such large technopark complexes with an advanced functional structure, allowing to manufacture high-tech products are the most appropriate to be placed near the city at a distance of 5-10 km from them (according to the features of the placement of European technology parks). The time each spent to get to the technoparks should be minimal. Building density of technoparks with population of 1000-2000 people is calculated with coefficient of 0.8-0.9.

The process of large technoparks formation foresees inclusion of full innovation

chain: research, development and production activities. The functional structure of a large industrial park located outside of the urban environment is the most developed, provides the autonomy of industrial park and includes a full set of functional components. In technoparks which are outside the city it is important to minimize building density. The ratio of business housing to the total area of industrial park should not exceed 25% (or 15% - with usage of two-story buildings) and 50-60% of the total area should be given for the landscape zone. There are economic zone (simple service area) and parking zone provided in the industrial park. If there is free area the objects of household zones are located at a distance of 1-1.5 km from the main buildings of the technopark. Open warehouses are combined at one site and shielded from the street, buildings and landscaped grounds. It should be noted that the creation of large technoparks located in the peripheral areas of the city will gradually smooth out the edge between the periphery and the center in all social spheres, will stimulate the emergence of new scientific and industrial centers, centers of high-tech industry and information which are differ by high standard of living. In conjunction with the city's research formations (universities, research institutes, high tech manufacturing enterprises, industrial laboratories and others.) and through the cooperation with ventures of other technoparks, large industrial parks can develop their territories to the extent of technopolis carrying out the full cycle of "research - manufacturing – innovation application". Thus, considering the features of the organization and functioning of the industrial parks, we can conclude that the process of their formation provides the establishment of various infrastructures with significant or insignificant integration of science, education and industry and inclusion to its structure of natural and industrial environment of a new generation, where natural environment is dominated and production technology is subordinaded to it. Such a system provides a set of specified technical and economic indicators of production while maximizing the natural resources preservation, creating comfortable working, household and recreation conditions for people.

Literature

1. Igoshev B. M. the History of technical innovations: study guide. / B. M. Igoshev, A. P. Usoltsev. – Publishing house "Science", 2013. – 400 p.

2. Kryzanowska N. J. Trends in the formation of innovation centers in the urban environment / N. Ya kryzanowska, O. Smirnova // Vseukrainska Naukovo-techn. Conf. "Problems archtecture I mostobudivel in umovah GlobalSat" – H.: the UNIVERSITY im. O. M. Beketov, 2016. – Pp. 102-103.