Bytsko N.I.

Higher State Educational Establishment of Ukraine

“Bukovinian State Medical University”

Lexical parallelism as a special language phenomenon

(on the example of lexical ingredients of the Slavonic and Latin forms)

Introduction. In modern lexical and etymological researches, the issue of selection and analysis of pre – forms of Pre-Slavic language is of great interest. Researchers-linguists distinguish a significant number of these pre – forms which are based on full – lexical correspondences ("lexical parallels") with ancient Macedonian, Greek, Latin and other ancient languages.

So, the object of our research is to analyze lexical ingredients of pre – Latin ingredients in Indo-European languages, which scientists regard as a "special language phenomenon" (O.M. Trubachov, V. Portsig, V.V. Martynov, V.N. Toporov, A.K. Shaposhnikov).

The topicality of the research was to determine the urgent tasks in the archaic languages that linguists are facing today, where the leading place continues to occupy the problem of analyzing "lexical parallels" as a special language layer, in which the relics of Slavonic vocabulary are conserved and the mental linguistic features are reflected in the worldviews of peoples. Nowadays, linguists are trying to solve this urgent task together with scientists.

It should be noted that researchers who analyzed the archaic nature of one language over another has rather contradictory aspects. And this is understandable, because it is not always easy to distinguish what is a common archaism and what is a common innovation. Despite considerable success in theoretical and methodological approaches to this problematic issue, its solution still requires significant theoretical and practical research. It is possible to assume that "lexical parallels" come from a common ancient language state, which was the result of the joint residence of our ancestors, the carriers of these languages, who lived on the adjacent common ancestral homeland. The scientists consider that the defining aspect of the appearance of pre-Slavic "lexical parallels" is the linguistic innovation associated with the family ties of ancient Indo-European dialects in Latin and Slavic languages.

Latin is one of the oldest languages in the world. The comparative-historical method of research allowed tracing the language parallels existing between Latin and the rest of Indo-European languages. Their relationship can be observed when comparing some lexemes belonging to the main vocabulary fund:

Ukrainian	Latin	Pre Greek	Pre Slavic
мати	máter	meter	мати
домівка	dómus	domos	домъ
ніч	nox	nyx	ноштъ
зима	híĕms	cheima	зима
новий	nóvus	ne(v)os	новъ

We can notice the identity both on the derivation and phonetic levels:

Latin	Pre Greek	Pre Slavic
m	m	м
n	n	н
d	d	д

Such famous scientists as O.M. Trubachov and A.K. Shaposhnikov propose to consider linguistic parallels as "similar phenomena, linguistic new formations, the influence of Western - Indo-European language on pre –Slavic terminology" [5, p. 226].

V.V. Martynov suggested a very interesting scientist’s opinion where he proposed Latin lexical ingredient in pre – Slavic language referred as the "foundational lexical index" in different terminological systems and he noted that the lexical ingredient is a consequence of "linguistic simgenesis".

"Language Simgenesis" is the process of hybridization of languages by including in the composition of one language system the significant terms, the volume’s fragments of language systems and structures of another language" [2].

For example, the usage of lexical – semantic features of Latin language in Pre – Slavic language and vice versa, while this vocabulary can’t be considered borrowing, but it will act as a "lexical ingredient". "Lexical ingredients" of Pre - Latin form in Pre-Slavic language will be followed by next comparisons:

Latin	Pre Slavic	Ukrainian
agnus, i m	*agn-+-ent-	агнец, ягня
ovum, i n	*aje < ōjom	яйце
fabulo, āre	*b(h)adl-iti	розповідати, баяти
fleo, flēvi, flētum, flēre	*blĕjati < *bhlē-j	плакати
farina, ae f	*borъšno < *bharisnom	борошно
fremo, ĕre	*brъmĕti < *bhrumē	гримати
futuo, ēre	*butiti < *bhout	бути
сapio, ēre	*čapati, čapeti	хапати
scipio, onis m (грец.)	*čepiti	палка, цеп, посох
do, āre	*do	дати
dormio,īre	*dremati	дрімати, спати
edax, ācis	*edakъ	прожерливий
glutio,īre	*glъtati	ковтати
jugular, ae f	*jъgъla	ярмо
mare, is n	*morʼе	море
formica, ae f	*morvъka	мурашка
pollex,icis m	*palъcъ	палець
pastor, ōris m	*pastyrъ	пастух, пастир
seco, āre	*sektʼi	різати, секти
sorbeo, ēre	*sъrbati	сьорбати
verto, ēre	*verteno	повертати

The given examples show transparent general parallels of Pre – Slavic and Latin languages, as well as characteristic derivational and phonological features are observed in them: Indo-European forms ~ * bh, * dh, * gh ~ changes into the form of ~ * b, * d, * g ~ in Pre Slavic, but in Latin one phoneme ~ f ~ is used.

It should be noted that not only in Slavic languages there is a phenomenon of "lexical parallels". Modern Roman and German languages have a lot of evidence of certain affinity with Latin.

Latin	German	English
cámpus	Kampf	camp
stráta	Straẞe	street
vínum	Wein	wine

Latin and Greek affixes are also very productive now:

Latin	German	English	Ukrainian
bi-	Binom	bycycle	білінгвізм
super-	Superlativ	superman	суперобгортка
syn-	Synthese	synthesis	синтез
trans-	Transport	translation	трансляція

Moreover, the aforementioned phenomena of lexical parallelism are found in certain terminological systems. For example, in German language they are met in the names of the cities (toponymy): Köln (Colonia), Regensburg (Regina castra) and others. In English the names of the cities or towns have constituent part -chester, -caster or -castle, which are derived from Latin lexemes castra (military camp) or castellum (fortification): Manchester, Lancaster, Newcastle.

So, Latin serves as a centuries-old partner in the formation of most modern languages. Its influence on the European languages, including Ukrainian language is quite significant. Some vocabulary units are absolutely identical from the standpoint of phonetics, morphology and semantics, both in Latin and in modern Ukrainian at the level of everyday vocabulary, and more in the scientific terminology of any branch of science:

Ukrainian	Latin
aура	áura, ae f
цемент	caemēntum, i n
консенсус	consēnsus, us m
діалектика	dialéctĭca, ae f
осел	asēllus, i m
оцет	acētum, i n
палац	palátĭum, ii n
скриня	scrínĭum, ii n
сокира	secūris, is f
гравітація	grávĭtas, ātis f
лінімент	linimēntum, i n
мутація	mutātio, onis f
Валеріана (бот.назва)	Valeriāna, ae f

Conclusion. The above mentioned lexical ingredients of Latin origin in Indo – European languages can justify the idea of adjacency of the territories of the inhabitants of the language carriers and the ethno – cultural connections of the early Pre-Slavic and Pre Latin dialects. After all, nowadays, Latin, along with Greek, remains the basis for the formation of international socio – political and scientific terminology.

Consequently, the lexical parallels of the languages of Indo-European group diagnose the formation and evolution of ancient languages in real space and time. The significance of these complex linguistic processes on the study of ancient literature of the Middle Ages, the historical grammar of Indo – European languages and Latin is quite large.

References:

1. Malinin A.M. Latin-Russian dictionary / А.М. Malinin - M.: State Publishing House of Foreign and National Dictionaries, 1961. - 764 p.

2. Martynov V.V. Language in space and time. To the problem of Glotogenesis of the Slavs / VV Martynov - M., 1983. - 231 p.

3. Portsyg B. Membership of Indo-European Language Area / V.Portsig. - M., 1964. - 199 p.

4. Trubachov O.N. Several ancient Latin-Slavic parallels / О.N. Trubachov. - M.: Etymology, 1975. - 150 p.

5.National Academy of Sciences, Institute of Ukrainian language; editor.O.P.Karpenko [and others]. – K., 2008. – P.225-235.

5. Shaposhnikov A.K. Lexical component of Pre Latin type in Pre-Slavic languages/ A.K. Shaposhnikov/Studies on Onomastics and Etymology / NAS of Ukraine, Institute of Ukrainian Studies; ed. O.P.Karpenko [and others]. - K., 2008. - p.225-235.