Economic
sciences / 2. Foreign trade activities
Student Grishchenko Andrii Oleksiiovych
National Technical University of Ukraine
"Kiev polytechnical institute"
Creation and functioning of free economic zones in Ukraine
Territorial formations are one of qualitatively new
forms of nationalisation of manufacture in which its progressive direction of
development by concentration is shown, specialisations, a manufacture
combination. Such character of their development provides considerable economic
benefit thanks to the integrated approach factor. Placing of industrial objects
on one or in joint territory allows to use effectively not only uniform power
sources, water, mineral, natural resources, but also capacities of industrial
and non-productive infrastructures.
Territorial formations act in various forms of
complexes: 1) industrial-territorial; 2) agrarian-industrial; 3) the building;
4) transport and their branch versions. Industrially-territorial complexes can
include machine-building, chemical, timber industry and it is a lot of others.
As agrarian and industrial complexes consist from grain, flax-growing that
other
Free economic zones (FEZ) - the limited territories,
cities, sea and aviation ports where for national and foreign businessmen
special preferential economic conditions which assist performance foreign trade
operate, общеэкономических, social, scientific and technical and scientifically-technological
problems.
Principles of formation FEZ: 1) following on achievement
of an effective mode of managing of separate subjects at positive effect as a
whole; 2) flexibility and dynamism of management FEZ; 3) multi-variant approach
of approaches, forms and models FEZ; 4) perspectivity of development; 5)
conformity of priority directions of development FEZ to priority directions of
development of regions and the state; 6) the account of requirements of
national safety.
Political and economic stability, invariance of
legislative base, cheapness of a labour, presence of natural resources and
extremely capacious commodity market, and also other initial preconditions of
China assisted creation here special zones of different types. Through them in
the country 18 % of the foreign trade turnover are carried out almost, and
volumes of production made in their territory represent in its national a
product about 15 %.
Special (free) economic zones share on separate types
depending on geography of an arrangement, character of object of zoning, scales
and the importance of solved problems, a functional orientation.
So, depending on a site concerning frontiers, CARRIED
are distributed on internal (the countries located in internal areas) and
external.
According to character of interaction with economy of
the accepting state it is necessary to distinguish zones integration (in the
zone mechanism the principle of close interaction with subjects of business
outside the limits of a zone is put in pawn) and the zone functions in
spacious, that is locked concerning economic system and opened for external
relations. Zones of such type is an antipode integration, are created mainly
for maximisation external inflow commodity and financial resources, are
localised in small territory after the size and in the course of activity is
minimum co-operate with delivery of economic space of the accepting state,
their mechanism is most approached to conditions and world market laws, allows
to reduce dependence degree FEZ from позазонального
economic space and an inertial control system It is provided both administrative
and economic measures the Last should prevail, as have internal stimulus of
self-development and improvement and can be extended further for zone borders
In territory of Ukraine special (free) economic zones
of different functional types can be created: free customs areas and ports,
export, transit zones, customs warehouses, technological parks, technopolises,
complex industrial zones, tourist - recreational, to fear, bank etc.
The status and territory of a special (free) economic
zone, and also term on which it is created, defined by the Supreme Rada of
Ukraine by acceptance of the separate law for each special (free) economic
zone.
By the law it is defined concepts of "a special
(free) economic zone" as parts of territory of Ukraine on which it is
established and the special legal regime of economic activities, and an order
of application of the corresponding current legislation of Ukraine operates.
The generalised concept "FEZ" is added by the list of zones of
different types: customs, complex industrial, insurance, bank. Was legislative
organizational questions, and including - concerning quantity and character of
promotional documents, a control system, the state guarantees to investors and
other norms which are applied at creation and functioning FEZ are solved. The
law puts the purpose of attraction of foreign investments, activization of the
general with foreign investors of enterprise activity, introduction of new
technologies and market methods of managing, improvement of use of all kinds of
resources.
Optimum to connect supervising and stimulating role of
the state in economy it is possible through introduction of industrial parks
which will be organised not for territorial, and by a functional principle and
regarding realisation of investment projects will operate similarly to
technoparks. The activity purpose should become modernisation existing and
creation of new manufactures. Grantings of privileges not to territories, and
under realisation of concrete projects are stimulating mechanism within the
limits of industrial parks. It will make activity industry park at the same
time effective and transparent and accessible to the state control and
independent to audit at any stage.
If
to analyse all theses set forth above concerning existence FEZ, it is possible
to tell, that FEZ in their present kind have serious system lacks. But it
means, that these zones should to be forbidden, and to improve as the approved
world practice the tool of selective stimulation of business and economic
activity.
The literature:
1.
The law of Ukraine "About
special economic zones and a special mode of investment activity: the Law of
Ukraine from 24.12 1998//the Voice of Ukraine, 1999, on January, 19th.
2.
Free economic zones / For trans. I.U. Sivachenko. - К:
Dakor; the Aleut., 2001. - 312-327 p.
3.
Lisova O.V. Law of a basis of creation and functioning of
free economic zones in Ukraine // Business, an economy, the law. - 2002, №
6.-.16-19.