Экономические
науки/ 9. Экономика предприятия
Stelmakh O.A.,
graduate student
Donetsk National University of Economics and Trade named after Mykhailo Tugan-Baranovsky, Ukraine
ESSENCE AND DESCRIPTION OF BASIC
CONCEPTS OF SPORTING TOURISM
Modern state of sphere of sporting
tourism in the regions of Ukraine it is possible to describe as unsatisfactory.
Destruction of present infrastructure, absence of the proper financing, high
degree of tearing down of capital assets, negative influencing of world financial
crisis, political and socio-economic problems both on development of national
economy on the whole and on the competitiveness of tourist services
predetermine the necessity of find path renewal and forward development of
sporting tourism in the regions of Ukraine.
Key words: tourist, tourism,
problems of tourism, sporting tourism, types of tourism.
I. Introduction. Actuality of questions of perfection of development of sporting
tourism in Ukraine is conditioned by priorities of social policy of the state,
which allow to decide the row of major tasks: creation of effective mechanism
of recreation of labours resources; development of modern tourist industry and
its infrastructure decision of questions of land-tenure and bringing in of
investments, including foreign, development of programmatic-having a special
purpose and competitions mechanisms of the budgetary financing of tourism.
ІІ. Raising of task. The task of floor consists at theoretical positions, basic concepts stages of forming and
development of sporting tourism, on Ukraine. For the decision of the put
purpose in the article the certain following tasks:
-
to expose a concept «sporting
tourism»;
-
to define essence of basic concepts, stages and aspects of
forming of sporting tourism in tourist industry of Ukraine;
-
to analyses the terms of forming,
adjusting and problem and prospect of development of sporting tourism in
Ukraine.
III.
Results. For more descriptions of essence of sporting tourism
and his place among other types of tourism we will concerned with basic his concepts.
In basis of
the system of tourism, in opinion of swiss researcher Do Caspar, two subsystems
lie:
1) subject of
tourism, that tourist is user of tourist services with all variety of his
necessities and reasons of conduct;
2) object of
tourism, that consists of three elements: tourist region tourist enterprises
and tourist organizations [1, p. 15].
In opinion of
L.N. Уstymenko tourism is the difficult socio-economic system and has social
functions, namely:
-
cognitive: study by the trips a man
cognizes outward things, accumulates experience, forms the world view, that
assists to development of science, culture, art, that in the turn, is the
important factor of public demand;
-
health, or recreation: improvement
of health, receipt of new impressions, that mostly positively influences on the
mental condition of their health bodily and;
-
economic function, development of
separate industries of national economy, which co-operate with tourism: system
of transport, retail food industry light and, and resort building; providing of
workplaces for those, who works in tourist industry; foreigner, consuming
products and services is the source of incomes of the state budget of country,
where he develops;
-
cultural-logical function:
development of culture, revival of traditions and rituals, activation of
activity of focis of folk trades maintenance of historical and cultural resources;
-
educating function: forming of
tolerant and worthy attitude toward traditions, beliefs and mentality of other
people, to value the native edge;
-
ecological function: stimulation of
conservancy; really to estimate due to development of tourism and as a result
of high estimation by the travelers of their recreation -health natural
resources; renewal of sights of nature, guard of forest arrays, anxiety about
the cleanness of storage pools.
The use of nature by tourism, unlike other industries,
is not accompanied, as a rule, by the exception of resources and their next
processing. Especially as at the civilized approach there is the observance of
rational Natural use to organization of tourist activity [2, p.6-8].
I deem it wise to add to these functions such as:
-
integration (it is instrumental in
strengthening of intercommunication between countries);
-
policultural (mixture of cultural
and domestic traditions).
Determination of basic concepts of tourism has certain complications; different
organizations are engaged in this question, including League of Nations, United
Nations, Worldwide tourist organization, Organization of economic collaboration
and development.
Tourism, in primary sense, was understood as movement
and sojourn of people out of permanent residence. However, in the process of
historical development, maintenance and sense of this concept constantly tested
the amendments and supplements. Yes, on the determination accepted in 1954 UNO
«tourism is active rest that influences on strengthening of health, physical
development of man, related to the movement outside a permanent residence» [3,
p. 6].
However, this concept did not take into account
industries of tourism as the systems, and limitations which touch objection to
carry on labor activity during the tourist trip. These constituents found the reflection
in the interpretation done by International association of scientific experts
in industry of tourism «tourism, as socio-economic system, - is the aggregate
of relations, connections and phenomena, which arise up during moving stay of
people in places different from their permanent residence and unconnected with
their labour activity» [4, p. 15].
In the determination given in Law of Ukraine «On
tourism» the different aims of tourism are more widely pointed, however taken
into account possible influence of tourism is not on the state of man: «tourism
is temporal departure of person from the place of permanent residence in
health, cognitive, professionally-business or other aims without realization of
the paid activity in the place of stay» [5].
All existent interpretations of tourism, which are
given by the known scientists it is possible to connect in two groups. To the
first group it is possible to deliver so-called «working» concepts which carry the strictly
specialized character and touch the separate economic, social, legal and other
aspects of tourism or his specific features and come forward as instrument for
the decision of concrete tasks (for example, determination of tourism for
statistics). In the second group enter «conceptual», or «essences», concepts which engulf an object on the
whole exposes internal maintenance of tourism, that is expressed in unity of
all variety of properties and relations, and allow to distinguish him from the
alike, often associate, but foreign phenomena.
Tourism from the point of
view an author is the active type of activity, that
the movement of people in relation to their permanent residence, which
influences on development of bodily condition of man due to participation in
the tourist trips, competitions, hikes and other, needs the special skills and
equipment and has a direct influence on the economy of the state and economy of
countries of visit on the whole.
A necessity in
determination of sporting tourism arose up in the first half of the XX item and
was conditioned by the considerable increase of tourist streams, growing
economic value of tourism, and, as a result, by the necessity of statistical
account of those, who was engaged in sporting tourism, analysis of indexes and
descriptions of this type of tourism.
In accordance
with determination, sporting tourism developed by the International charter,
sporting tourism as all-embracing form of health, cognitive and adventure
tourism is one of the most effective directions of modern development of world
tourism. The breadth of him engulfs all sides of life of people, his role in
the rational use of spare time and vacations cause the necessity of public
confession and socio-economic support. At such circumstances this type of
tourism insuperably takes millions of our contemporaries [6].
Sporting tourism is the sphere of activity that making
healthy, strengthening the bodily and emotional condition for any age,
noticeable phenomenon in the social infrastructure of ecological development of
country, factor of the rational use of labours resources employment of
population of edge, in a less measure sporting tourism has influence on forming
of resource potential edges and his functional specialization. At the same time
the use of recreation possibilities for sporting tourism it is not enough
developed for a number of reasons, which are specified by many researchers.
Sporting tourism which in Ukraine is
accepted to name active tourism includes hikes en-route certain category of
complication and competition from the technique of tourism. He is aimed on the
increase of trade tourists, perfection of routes, working off the different
receptions of insurance and mastering of new type of equipment. As well as in
sport, there are degrees (digits) and ranks of sport master in active tourism.
Complication of hike concerns by the category of complication of route.
Presently to the active types of tourism take pedestrian, ski, water, bicycle,
mountain, equestrian, car- and motto-tourism and spelaean tourism. Most mass
from them is pedestrian, water, mountain and ski. More develop mountain and
water tourism. Sporting tourism is this, foremost mean of increase of trade
tourist and serious physical loading. If it becomes the second, and into first
place the tests of backlogs go out man, sharp feelings new impressions and
openings, sporting tourism grows into extreme, that sporting tourism at the
level of the greatest categories of complication. In this case the elements of
risk, real danger appear in him. Absolutely extreme types of tourism is
hang-gliding and flights on paragliders.
The most
widespread types of active tourism are in Ukraine: pedestrian, water, bicycle
spelaean - and mountain-skier tourism. On a form the leadthrough of tourist measures
and character of their organization divide active tourism into organized is
planned and самостоятельный independent (club-sectional) - and unorganized is amateur.
One of the first determinations of tourist belonged to
Committee of experts on the questions of statistics of League of Nations (in
1937). It got international confession and mainly reached to our days with
some, by more late amendments. In the last decades the problem of concepts of tourist came into question
on the conferences of the International union of official tourist organizations
(Dublin, 1950 г.; London, in 1957), at Conference of UNO on international tourism
and trips (Rome, in 1963), congress of WТО (Manila, in 1986), To the
inter-parliamentary conference on tourism (Hague, in 1989) and other, that
testifies to theoretical and practical meaningfulness of determination of tourist,
and also about aspiration to do him more complete and more exact taking into
account new tendencies and phenomena. Presently determination mined-out by the
International conference from statistics of trips and tourism is widely used in
international practice (Ottawa, 1991) and approved Statistical commission of
UNO is approved. It agrees to him, a tourist is a visitor, that «person, which
travels and carries out the stay in places which are outside his ordinary
environment, on a term no more than 12 months with any purpose, except for
employment by the activity paid from sources in the visited place». Offered
allowed more expressly to outline that part of travelers, which comes forward
the object of statistical researches in tourism.
After classification of western-german researcher
Ghana, distinguish 6 basic types of tourists (every group is adopted on the
initial letter of the name proper to her): S, F W-1 and W-2, A and В.
- S-type (from
german, Sonne, Sand, See is a «sun, sandy beach sea») is a typical
person on vacation, that gives advantage to passive rest on bathing-places,
wishes rest and comfort, avoids fusses on rest, but greets the contacts with
nice persons.
- F-type (from
german, fernr- und flirtorientierter, Eriebnisurlauber is a «person on
vacation, that gives advantage to the journeys on distant distances and
flirtation») is a tourist, that gives advantage to the journeys on distant
distances kaleidoscope of impressions and flirtation. He will vacate its only
wherein something takes place, as «slow прожарення» on a beach in the circle of
family or alone not for him; the credo of such tourist is «society, pleasure,
change of impressions».
- W-1-type (from german, wald- und wanderorientiert is the «amateur of
forest walks and hikes») it is person on vacation, that gives advantage to
active rest pedestrian hikes, etc. Physical activity on fresh air regardless of
weather - here his credo. On rest aspires to support of good physical form, but
does not go in for sports professionally.
- W-2-type - quick sportsman, than amateur. Maintains protracted and high,
up to extreme, loading. Such criterion prevails at the choice of round and tourist
center, as «presence of terms for employments by a hobby». Such criteria of
choice, as «landscape, culture, history» are second (for example, passionate
alpinist amateur of snoubordyng, etc.).
- А- type (from german, Abenteur is the «adventure») is the amateur of
adventures. Risk, new feelings tests of the forces in unexpected situations,
danger - here that determines the choice of purpose of trip at this type of
tourist.
- В- type (from german, Bildung- und Besichtigung is «education and review
of prominent sights») is curious tourists. This group is subdivided into three
sub-groups: and) «experts» which коллекционировать
collections the prominent sights visited by them; «emotional amateurs of
culture and nature»; in) «specialists», which deepen the knowledges in the
certain regions of culture, history, art, etc. [7].
Types,
kinds and forms of tourism, are varied. Internal tourism is temporal departure
of citizens of concrete country from the permanent place of residence within
the limits of national scopes of that country for rest, satisfaction of
cognitive interests, employments by sport and in other tourist aims. Internal
tourism is not a separate sphere, and related to all other sectors of national
life.
International tourism - purposeful activity of enterprises of
sphere of tourism is systematized, related to the grant of tourist services and
tourist product to the foreign tourists on territory of Ukraine (entrance
tourism) and grant of tourist services and tourist product abroad (departure
tourism). Tourism in many countries is activity that is under intent attention
of the state as economic advantageous and profitable industry.
After the mean of organization distinguish the planned and independent
tourism. The planned tourism is any types of tourism, which are developed and
is realized by the organizers of tourism – by tourist operators. The planned
tourism is regulated by the state by legislative and normative acts. He makes
basis of industry of mass tourism. Beginning to the planned tourism was put by Кuk
Thomas. Exactly he in 1849 thought of to sell tourist services in a package:
transportations, excursions and feeds.
Largely the planned tourism is the
main constituent of activity of different commercial organizations and
businessmen.
Exactly the type of tourism concernes by the purpose of trip.
Distinguish the following types of tourism: rout-cognitive; sporting;
medically-health; business and tourism of congress; resort, medical; festival;
hunting; ecological; shop-tourism; religious; educational; ethnic and other
Traveling, a tourist can put before itself a few aims, but only
one of them will be dominant. Depending on a purpose distinguish the following
types of tourism:
1) Cognitive or in a civilized manner-entertaining. Includes the
journeys of people for the acquaintance with natural, historical-cultural prominent
sights, museums, theaters, framework of society, life and traditions of people,
in the visited country. Cognitive aims can unite with the purpose of rest. Исторические
культурные
2) Business. The necessity of the official or professional jobs
processing lies in basis of this type of tourism. Journeys with a business
purpose are examined as one of major constituents of parts of modern tourist
exchange. To business tourism the journeys of delegations or individuals belong
for participation in international negotiations, conferences, holidays,
coronations, ceremonies of entry, in position of country's and governments
leaders. But the diplomatic workers of embassies and consulates, employees of
trades missions and other organizations which work abroad, are not included in
the number of tourists.
After a motor vehicle divide tourism into the following kinds:
pedestrian tourism, bicycle tourism, equestrian tourism, mountaineering, ski
tourism motto-tourism.
After the degree of the use of transports vehicles. Tourism
assumes moving of people from one place in other both up country and after its
scopes. Trip with the use of standard types of transport:
- air transport (trips on-schedule, nonscheduled);
- water-carriage (passenger lines and ferries, kruyz,);
- land transport (all-rail, intertown and city busses, private cars rental
of transports vehicles and other);
- by the use of exotic things types of transport (rope road, funicular,
air bullet hang-glider and other).
Depending on facilities of placing
of tourists distinguish the following types of tourism:
- tourism in a hotel;
- tourism in a motel;
- tourism in boarding-school;
- campsite tourism;
- tourism in a tourist mud flow, on a tourist center and other.
Hotels, as a rule, are located
either in the center of city or not far away from an air-port or railway
station.
Motels are disposed either along a
motor-car route or on a fence surrounding village of city. Dwelling in a motel
must provide to the tourists the terms of anxiety after a car (parking places,
filling stations stations car-care center and etc).
Tourist resort hotels, hotel type with the unique management, give
to the client’s habitation in one or a few numbers, concomitant services and
autonomous kitchen.
Campsites, tourist village’s tourist centers, are the apartments
located, as a rule, in out-of-town locality, intended for placing both ordinary
and motor-car tourists.
The types of tourism are offered to select after having a special
purpose functions reasons and results of employments by tourism: sporting, recreation,
rehabilitation, professionally-applied, educational, in a civilized
manner-cognitive, in a civilized manner-entertaining, excursion, regional, adventure,
expeditionary, business, commercial, combined, programmatic.
IV.
Conclusions. The commercial attractiveness of this direction of tourist industry
grows notedly, conditioned by both world tendencies to the healthy way of life
and prospects of receipt of financial and other dividends, that promotes the
personal interest from the side of businessmen from the sphere of tourist
business, informative-publicity industry and also state-administrative and
educational structures.
Concept tourism is difficult and
multivectorial. Moreover, in connection with subsequent concentration and
integration of tourist activity in the world, by its globalization scientific
researches of this social-economic phenomenon which yet name the «phenomenon of
a ХХ age», constantly acquire new maintenance. On the modern stage of
development of society of aspiration of world concord to make unique approaches
to the study and comprehension of tourism take on special significance. In fact
in order to estimate the volumes of international and national tourism, his
influence on forming of world GDP, it is necessary to use unique methodological
principles. It also will allow to provide correlation of information about
development of tourism in the entire countries of world.
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