Pollution of natural waters

(For instance, Zhambyl region)

Musabaeva Sharbat Koldasynovna

Musabaeva Zauzat Koldasynovna

At all stages of human development has been closely connected with the outside world. But since highly industrialized society has appeared, a dangerous human interference into nature has increased dramatically, the amount of interference grown up, it has become figurative and now it’s threaten to become a global threat to humans.

Ecological investigation in the present conditions has become relevant as environmental protection and rational determinants of the prospects for successful economic and social development. In the republic, the first time, for a comprehensive treatment of this problem a complex large-scale environmental ways have been undertaken to solve the environmental problems in the region and to develop the scientific methodological approaches to the study of these complex realities.

The object of research was Zhambyl, where the intensity of the impact of economic activities on the ecological situation has reached such proportions that many of the negative processes can become irreversible and the habitat of the region's population would not be suitable for its life.

Any pond or water source connected to the surrounding environment. It’s being influenced by the conditions of surface formation or underground water flow, a variety of natural phenomena, industry, industrial and municipal construction, transport, economic and domestic activities of man. The consequence of these influences is the introduction of new aquatic substances, pollutants degrading a water quality. Pollution entering the aquatic environment are classified in different ways, by - in different ways, depending on the approaches, criteria and objectives. So, there are chemical, physical and biological pollution. Chemical pollution introduces the natural chemical properties of water by increasing the content of harmful impurities like inorganic (mineral salts, acids, alkalis, and clay particles) and organic nature (crude oil and petroleum products, organic debris, surface - active agents, pesticides.

Inorganic pollution. The main inorganic (mineral) pollutants of fresh and marine waters are a variety of chemical compounds and are toxic to aquatic organisms as well. This is a compound of arsenic, lead, cadmium, mercury, chromium, copper, fluoride. Most of them fall into the water as a result of human activity. Heavy metals are absorbed by phytoplankton and then passed through the food chain more highly by the body.

Among the major sources of pollution of the hydrosphere minerals and nutrients we should mention the food industry and agriculture. On irrigated land, annually about 6 million tons salts are washed away. By 2002, it’s probably that passion for their mass would be up to 15 million tons / year.

Organic pollution. Among the insertion into the ocean from the land of soluble substances of great importance to aquatic organisms are not only mineral, nutrients, but organic residues as well. Removal of organic matter in the ocean is estimated at 300-380 million tons / year. The exact water containing a suspension of organic origin, or dissolved organic matter, adversely affect the condition of water bodies. Precipitated, the suspension is poured floor and delay the development or completely stop the vital activity of these microorganisms involved in the process of self-purification of water. The increasing pollution of water bodies and drainage are observed in all industrialized countries. Due to rapid urbanization and a few delayed constructions of treatment facilities or poor operation of water reservoirs and soil are polluted by domestic waste. Especially, pollution in water bodies with slow flow or no flow is noticeable (reservoirs, lakes).

The main part of the field of water resources are concentrated in three major river basins - Shu, Talas and sinks to form the territory of the Kyrgyz Republic and generators in the lower reaches of streams, floods, and numerous lakes. Shu and Talas Rivers are rivers of mixed ice - snow nutrition. The main sources of supply are melt-water seasonal and perennial snow. The maximum cost of river Shu is most often taken place in July - August, at river Talas in February - March.

Surface runoff. Shu and its tributaries is about 70% of the water resources of the region. The main water artery is river Shu, originating in the spurs of Tien - Shan in the territory of the Kyrgyz Republic and the territories lost in the Shymkent region.

Observations on the qualitative composition of water river Shu in the whole basin within the Zhambyl region indicate that the water pollution index decreased from 1.43 in 2001 to 1.15 in 2002. It is noted the maximum permissible concentration of pollutants for BOD - 5, phenols, natritam. As the water quality of river Shu up to 2001 belonged to the net, and since 2001 it refers tothe category of moderate - contaminated (kl.3.). Annual monitoring of water quality coming from the territory of the Republic of Kyrgyzstan shows a high level of surface water pollution, as wastewater (domestic) of the industrial region of Kyrgystan are assigned to river Shu and its tributaries. According to the data center Zhambyl Hydrometeorology on river Shu (with a target Blagoveshchenka) in 2002, exceeding the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) of pollutants is investigated; copper - 9 MCL (maximum 17 MPC), the nitrite nitrogen - 2.5 MPC (maximum of 15 MAC), BOD -5 -1.38 MPC.

Water pollution is marked by the influx of Shu River - Rivers Toktash, Sorghum, Kara-Balta, the Ak-su, Shorgo, Sokuluk, which the constant quantity and quality control is not adjusted, as evidenced by the results of the analysis conducted during the one-time survey for the period 1997 - 2001 years. However, occasional field trips and surveys river Shu and its major tributaries do not give a complete characterization of surface water pollution coming from the territory of neighboring States. To conduct monitoring of the water basin to the opening of Shu, a permanent monitoring stations on the rivers of the Kara-Balta, the Ak-su, Toktash needed and restore the previously existing monitoring stations on the river Shu.

The second largest river in the area is river Talas, originated in the highlands of Kyrgyztan and losing in Moyinkum sands area on the border of the tract Zhambyl Kazoty.

Observation of the qualitative composition of water river Talas shows that in the whole basin from 2001 to 2002 has been decreased. So in 2001, WPI was equal to 0.85, then in 2002 it decreased to 0.58.

It is noted that exceeding the maximum permissible concentration of pollutants was not observed. Water of river Talas are clean (kl.2.)

Third, a relatively large river in the region is river Assa, formed from the confluence of two rivers, river Ters, originating in the mountains of the area Zhualynsk area of Zhambyl region and river Kurkureu , originating in the mountains of Talas Alatau and flows through the territories of the Republic of Kyrgyzskoy.

The index of water pollution of river Assa in 2002 decreased to 0.68, while in 2001 it stood at 0.91. Exceeding the maximum permissible concentrations of pollutants was not observed. Water of river Assa also refers to the pure (kl.2.).

Groundwater of Zhambyl region as a whole the entire water management system, is under heavy anthropogenic influence in the region, where more than 70 large and medium-sized enterprises are acted. As a result of irrigation land improvements in parts of the lower reaches of rivers Talas, Assa and Shu, the environmental situation significantly was worsened. Sharply groundwater levels in wells have been reduced; many lakes have dried up, grasslands have decreased.

One of the most well-known toxic components of underground water is fluoride. In the background content of 02, -0.4 mg / l concentration in groundwater adjacent to the sewage plant "State water channel" up in some months 5-7 mg / l with an average for the year of 1-1.5 mg / l. A similar pattern is noted in the margins of filtrations super phosphate plant (up to 1.5 mg / l). A somewhat more favorable position is in the ZHPO "Khimprom".

To study the migration of fluoride in groundwater sampling is performed around 200 in the observation wells and 30% of cases; there is MPC (1.2 mg / l). The spread area of ponds up to 5-6 km and in depth more than 30m. Thus, the high content of fluorine in the direction of groundwater flow is detected in the groundwater with. Kostobe, junction 5, st. Birlisu etc.

Thus, the main source of fluoride ground waters are industrial facilities, evaporators, accumulators and etc. technical bodies of water, which have been intensively nourish the water table substandard water; second – industrial runoff coming into the field of filtration and leaking into the ground.

Pesticide pollution of silt sediments of rivers and canals, as well as ground water is 0.004 - 0.15 mg / l in the bottom sediments and silts of their content in terms of connections reach phosphor organic reaches to 0, 17 (Biylikol Lake, the northern part) is up to 0, 1 mg / L (channel Talas - ASSA).

The nature protection is a problem of our century, the problem has become social, and it is necessary to develop new methods for the reduction and prevention, unquenchable by human nature.