Morphological mechanisms adaptation of lungs at land vertebrata.

Kazakh National Pedagogical university after Abai

Tlebaeva G.B , Koibagarova B.K , Bukharbayeva J.M

Теl.8(727)230-44-09; e-mail:zbuharbaeva@mai

In this article representative morphological rebuilding in structures of lungs in adaptation at some ekstrimal factors and conditions of environment.One of the actual problems of biology is an elucidation of mechanisms adaptation of a human body and animals to changing environmental conditions.

This problem can be reviewed in two aspects: firstly, as an origin of an adaptive rebuilding in organism by influences of environment as a manifestation of plastic organism in ontogenies, secondly origins as genetically and phenotypically fixed adaptation of living organisms to conditionals of environment arising during evolution.

The full moment here is a revealing and comparison of sick mechanisms to analogical adaptations, arising in ontogenies and formulated in phylogenies. In this work representative the results of learning of respiration level adaptive of lungs at land vertebrata, animals in onto and phylogenies. In these purpose done electro microscopically learning of respirator part of lungs of rates, in private during influences extremely nature (high and low temperature, hypoxia, physical loading) as an anthropogenic (tobacco smoke) factors. In this together, for clarification ultra-structural bases evolution adaptation of lungs examined these electro microscopically researching at some views of land vertebrata (amphibian, reptile, mammals) from steppe and mountain biotopes by purpose central organ to outward gas exchanging to different biotopes during evolution as animals of different views, and the one view.

That kind of researching is very important for theoretical biology (evolution theory, ecological and comparative morphology, physiological) and for a medicine. The ultra-structural analysis of respirator department of lungs at influence to tobacco smoke, cooling, high temperature, hypos, physical loading revealed number of sub microscopically adaptive reactions in forms of expressive functional effort of all structures of lungs. As a character of adaptive reactions were their specifications. Adaptive reactions manifested in hypertrophy of the alveolar surfactant complex, decreasing the prevailing the alveolar and capillary surface with thinning aerogematical of barrier, active participation of ventilation perfusion correlation of capillary net and diameter of capillary micro pinocytosis of epithelial and endothelial components aero geometrical membrane system, increasing of functional activity of macrophages.

In tail amphibians which inhabited in steppe biotope, adaptive reactions manifested by hardly picking out of surfactant, by tearful cell; by cells mixed type with ultra- structural signs of pneumonitis of II type tearful, evidently, hindrance losing of watery with respirator surface of lungs. On the apical surface of mixed type discovered many micro versions.

The thickness of aero gematical membrane system was considerable. The efforts of tearful cells and cells of mixed type were confirmed by scanner microscope.

In tail amphibians which inhabited in the mountains, reduced the number of ferriferous tearful cells decreased the secrecy of surfactant exhausted aerogematical membrane system, enlarged square of respirator surface. This scanner microscopy gives an evidence about enlarge square of respirator surface, that documented speak out with a twisty of capillary.

In amphibians without tail of one view, which inhabited in different biotopes the same adaptive reactions was revealed, but it was different.

So, in steppe population adaptive manifested in the form of hardly syntax by surfactant and tearful realized with hyper lazier and hypertrophied pneumonitis of II type by tearful cells and cells of mixed type.

Besides it marked a clubbing of blood vessel capillaries, which promoted decreasing endogen watery from respirator surface.

According to scanner electrical microscope numerous and extension micro versions on apical surface of pneumonitis of I and II types promoted felt form structures of surfactant.

In amphibians without tail which inhabited in mountains observed powerful contents of plastic body octopus in cytoplasm of pneumonitis II type. Aerogematical membrane system was thinned.

The scanner electronic microscope revealed loss of considerable masses of surfactants; decreases of micro versions, animation of respirator surface of lungs.

In reptile of different or the same view, this inhabited in steppe, increased production of surfactant phosphoric complex. In snakes increased a part of cells of mixed type with ultra- structural signs pneumonitis II type and tearful. Cuboidal component increased surfactant phosphoric complex that interfered excessive loss of moisture through respirator surface of lungs. Pay attention increasing crease capillary net interstation. The basic membrane aerogematically membrane system kept rather wide. By scanner electro microscopically researching was confirmed considerable secrecy of tearful and surfactant, and increasing extend aerogematical membrane system beyond the accounts of capillary net. In reptile, which inhabited in a mountain biotope, observed increasing content of surfactant. The thinning of aerogematical membrane system, rapprochement and merge of basic membranes epithelia and an endothelia significant increase in extent of an aspirate surface at the expense of protrusion of loops of a capillary network is noted. At scanning electro microscopically research lack of considerable mass of surfactant was observed, the protrusion of loops of a capillary network in shape “leaves” was noted.For department of easy reptiles living both in steppe and in mountain biotopes the expressed education vesicular in a epithelia and an endothelia an aerogematic membrane of system was characterized that reflected high level of gas exchange and a moisture transudation in both vector directions.

The ultra- structural data obtained by us showed that despite primitive nature of morph functional differential at amphibians and reptiles it is possible to speak about adaptive reactions nevertheless developing at them in respirator department of lungs both under the influence of a direct temperature factor and under the influence of a hypoxemia factor having very relative value.

At rodents as steppe and mountain types in respirator department of lungs by us, we noted ultra-structural adaptive exchanges.

At inhabitants of steppes they have appeared in hypertrophy surfactant, an alveolar complex of capillary net that reduced degree of evaporation of a moisture from a respiratory surface of lungs.

At rodents of mountain biotopes was characteristic submicroscopic feature of respirator department of lungs was thinning of aeromedical membrane system.

Increased also respirator surface for more effective implementation of function of gas exchange and a transfusion of liquid. Surfactant alveolar complex was not exchange.

Thus spend by us morph functional researches have revealed considerable inter and intraspecific adaptable changes to various dwelling conditions.Adaptive reactions in changing of ultra-structural organization of capillary and functional regime surfactant syntax and surfactant and slim.For inhabitants of mountains biotopes an important feature was aerogematical membrane system, which facilitated diffusion of gases.

Therefor at animals inhabited in different biotopes adaptive mechanisms were carried out not at the expense of functional tension of various structures as is noticed by us at influence of extreme factors and at the expense of more economical organization of pulmonary capillaries and optimization of a functional mode of synthesis of a surfactant.

Literature

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Conclusion.

Lungs of animals standing to adapt breathing epithelia to some extremely factors and to different biotopes were considered in morphological side.

Summary

In this article the morphological features of adaptation of a respiratory part of some vertebrate lung to various environmental factors are considered.