Mikhaylenko OM, CTS Stepanets LF, CTS Tanaschuk LI

National University of Food Technologies, Ukraine

Ecological problems of meat industry

Environmental problems are one of the most urgent in the world. The high-quality environment, air, water, soil, and also food are the foundation of human activity, current and future generations. The problem of increasing the production of meat and meat products, increasing the nutritional value and improving their quality become one of the most important in the development of the food industry. However, nowadays the most actual question is the environmental pollution. As a result, the meat-processing industry is a powerful pollutant among the food industry.

Environmental audit has been conducted at the company PAC «Pryluky Meat Industrial Complex» (PMIC) to establish pollution sources and to give the proposals in order to reduce the anthropogenic impact on the environment. The PMIC makes meat processing and production of cooked, boiled-smoked, smoked sausages and semi-products. The enterprise focuses on the high-quality products. The question of a safety of the raw materials and food products are on the first place both in the world and in Ukraine. HACCP system was elaborated at the enterprise; its inculcation allows ensuring the safety of products of meat industrial complex that is reached by carrying out the monitoring and correcting the actions in certain three biological critical control points. 1-C is the first critical control point, at which the excess of the weight of spices and additives is possible in the given compounding. 2B is the second biological point; this is the possibility of leaving of final microflora at violation of temperature modes. 3B is the microflora development at non-compliance with storage conditions. The introduction of the elaboration system of HACCP will allow the enterprise to have foreign markets for sale and to guarantee the safe to the consumer and competitive meat production.

There are 25 stationary sources of emissions at the enterprise, 17 polluting substances of them do not exceed the established admissible ecological standards. The potential volume of emissions makes from several to several hundreds tons a year.

Table 1

The list of pollutants, which are released into the air

№	The substance’s name	The class of the hazard	The potential emissions, t/year	MPC m.s, mg/m^3
1	Nitrogen dioxide	3	0,29288	1,0
2	Phenol	2	0,1605	0, 1
3	Manganese and its compounds (in terms of manganese dioxide)	2	0,0003	0,005
4	Substances in the form of the weighed firm solids	5	0,21618	3,0
5	Iron and its compounds	2	0,00027	0,1
6	Nitrogen oxide	3	0,00076	0,1
7	Ammonia	4	0,00385	1,5
8	Propionic aldehyde	5	0,0428	0,01
9	Dioxide and other sulfur compounds	3	0,0119	2,0
10	Dioxide sulfur	3	0,0119	1,5
11	Suluric acid	2	0,00004	0,5
12	Carbon dioxide	2	163,326	500,0
13	Carbon oxide	3	1,11786	1,5
14	Acetic acid	3	0,00008	0,8
15	Methane	4	0,03786	10
The continuation of the Table 1
16	Chlorine and its compounds	2	0,00002	0,1
17	Hydrogen chloride (hydrochloric acid is converted to HCl)	4	0,00002	0,1

The chimney of coppers, heat chambers, cooking coppers, ventilating emissions from the room, a site of unloading of cars, a mobile post of welding are the sources of the atmospheric pollution at the enterprise.

The greatest concentrations of harmful substances hit to the atmosphere from shop of technical semi-finished products, thermal office of sausage shop, non-productive departments and hit to the reservoirs from water treatment constructions, primary settlers. The hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, methane, phenol, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon oxide, a dust and etc. arrive into the working air zone. The quantity of harmful substances and their concentration change in a wide interval depending on power and technological features of production, but the actual concentration of polluting substances does not exceed the established standards at the enterprise, so the clearing nature protection equipment is inexpedient to install.

The enterprise PAC «Pryluky meat industrial complex» receives meat and back fat for production of sausages in the frozen condition, so when the waste is formed, they are generally under the pretext of HDW. Some tens tons a year of HDW, and also the fulfilled luminescent lamps, cars, accumulators, oils and etc. are formed at the enterprise. They are stored and transferred according to contracts with the range of HDW of Pryluky and «Ozone» private enterprise.

Water of drinkable quality is used in the process of production in significant amounts; the water intake of it is carried out from an artesian mining hole. Contaminated wastes and losses of production, it grows into the sewage system of enterprise.

The waste waters of Pryluky meat industrial complex is a mix of household and production drains. They are polluted by blood, pieces of fabrics of cattle, scraps, salt, detergents and a small amount of fat. Washing the equipment, rooms, washing of overalls use synthetic detergents, so in this mix of waste water is typical the presence of these substances. In waste water all pollutions are in a form of suspensions, emulsions, colloidal and molecular solutions which are difficulty divided.

Each type of pollution consists of the organic and mineral part. The waste water of the veterinary, biological and chemical laboratory is also joined. The content of the weighed substances in waste water is about 400 mg/l, BOD₅-300 мgО₂/l, and fats-1000мg/l. The value of рН does not considerably change and, except for separate cases, makes 6,5-9,0.

Waste waters of meat industrial complexes are characterized by the big content of chlorides (NaCI) - till 400 mg/l, of the organic pollution which are found in dissolved (322-538 mg/l) and not dissolved (120-975 mg/l) condition. In these waters the part of pollution is in a colloidal state. The waste waters of meat industrial complexes are characterized by the considerable content of nitrogen: general 18-92 mg/l, ammonium 14-35 mg/l. The sodium nitrite (NaNO₂) is used in the course of production. Its fulfilled solutions are thrown out in the sewerage. Therefore there are nitrites and nitrates in number of respectively 0,002-0,02 and 0,05 mg/l in waste waters of meat industrial complex. The detergents which include the calcinated soda (Na₂CO₃) are used in the course of production in a large number. These substances present in the waste water increasing its pollution and giving it the abilities to foam.

Table 2

The indicators of waste water

Indicators	Concentration
COD mgО2/dm^3	500
BOD5, mgО2/dm^3	300
pH	6,5-9,0
Chlorides, mg/l	350
Sulfates, mg/l	390
The continuation of the Table 2
Fats, mg/l	1000
Nitrogen ammoniacal, mg/l	14,0-35,0
Temperature, ^0С	38
Weighed substances, mg/l	400
Synthetic surface active agents, mg/l	5,0

We propose to use air fat trap for efficient removal of fat at the enterprise PAC «Pryluky meat industrial complex». The air-water emulsion is pumped in such fat trap, the waste water is aerated by little air bubbles and fat globules are trapped on them. The cleaning efficiency makes up about 90%.

So, after conducting the environmental audit the company PAC «Pryluky meat industrial complex» can be stated that the production of industrial complex responds to the demands of safety and quality under NSTU 4161-2003. Contaminants, which are released into the environment, do not exceed the maximum permissible concentration, and the level of water pollution by the waste water does not reply to the environmental standards MPC. Therefore, establishing the aіr fat trap will reduce the industrial impact on the water and to improve the quality of fresh water.

So, environmental problem of the fresh water is one of the most pressing in the world at the beginning of the XXI century.

Literature

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