Author: Karimgozhina Elmira Magauovna, Ph.D. student Karaganda Economic University

The essence and aim of the social policy of Kazakhstan

Any reform, whether economic, political or social change, to be completed to improve human well-being, because initially authorizes them on the basis of hope for the future. As you know, at the state level decided the fate of millions of pensioners, disabled people and other groups of the population whose incomes depend on the size of pensions, grants and scholarships.

Problems of social relations, social policy development and implementation mechanisms are the subject of economics for a long time. They studied mainly in the context of the analysis of general, fundamental questions of improving the mechanism of management, the whole system of economic management.

There are some issues related to the regulation of employment and social protection. This article discusses such important issues as the need for social change, the problems of Kazakhstan in the field of social policy and how to overcome them. The main purpose of this paper is, to show the social problems in Kazakhstan, programs, activities undertaken by the Government to improve the living standards, increase their incomes; highlight the results of social reform, to show the importance of social change.

Currently, the issue of social policy is acute in many states, in Kazakhstan in a time of change and transformation it is especially important ...

Social policy should be viewed from several sides. First, as a system of practical measures undertaken by the Government through the local and regional authorities to improve the quality and standard of living of large social groups, financed from the state budget and related or ideological assumptions of the state at the moment, or the value orientation of society for the long term. Second is as part of an overall strategy of the state relating to the social sphere, focused efforts on the development and implementation of decisions relating directly to a person, his position in society, to provide him with the social safety features of different groups of the population. [1, 235 p.] Pursued by the Government, and all branches of government, based on the broad public support the social policies designed to accumulate, to focus, to reflect the situation in the country and in society, needs and social development.

Social policy objectives include promotion of economic growth and the subordination of production interests’ consumption, increased motivation to work and business enterprise; ensure adequate living standard and social protection, the preservation of cultural and natural heritage and national character and identity. For the performance of its regulatory functions, the state has such powerful leverage as the law of the country, the national budget, the system of taxes and duties. Defining objective of the social policy were strengthening the factors, stimulating highly productive labor, achieving measurable improvements in financial situation and living conditions.

In modern conditions, social policy should be a priority for the authorities of any State. [2, 358 p.]

So, speaking about the social policy of the state means above all the action of the Government to the distribution and redistribution of income and the various members and groups of society. So it is possible to determine the social policy in the narrow sense of the word. In a broad sense, social policy - is one of the areas of macroeconomic management, designed to ensure social stability and to create, as far as possible, the same "initial conditions" for the country's citizens.

The instruments of social policy are the social protection and social assistance.

Social security - a set of practical measures undertaken by the State to maintain the material well-being of the population, for objective reasons, who are unable to earn money to maintain the average of the standard of living of the society, such as disabilities, mothers, orphans, the unemployed and the poor people.

The latter are called socially unprotected. Social security - the most important area of social spheres of society, the system of measures taken by the government, business associations and workers, social organizations and movements in order to guarantee a certain level and quality of life, respect for the rights and privileges of citizens, insurance against the risk of stranded material status, social support particularly in need of support. As general rules recognize the right of everyone to a standard of living, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and social service, which is required for the health and well-being of himself and of his family. Also, the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood does not depend on human circumstances. [2, 360 p.]

The guarantee of the constitutional rights of citizens in the area of social security is a priority of social policy. The social security system, in turn, consists of two main forms - social insurance and social assistance. The differences between them are determined by the regulating role of the state and funding sources.

Social insurance spreads to the economically active, employed people and provided by its income with limited subsidies from the national budget. The basic premise of the emergence of social insurance is the risks inherent to the nature of human existence: physiological (illness and premature death), economic (devastation), and social (the destruction of large groups of people and nations, such as natural disasters, wars). In modern conditions, one of the main social risks is a loss of earned income. Nationwide (macroeconomics) the risk is manifested in the disparity between the levels of the individual parameters of life to the social norms.

In the EU, the amount of social insurance 2 times exceeds the allocation of the state budget allocated to social assistance, and 3 times - funds received by individual commercial insurance against social risks. In Russia, the social insurance account is about 70 percent of the total cost of the compulsory social security.

The forms of social insurance vary over time with changes in the structure of social risks. In most countries, it retained three major types: pension, medical (hospital) from accidents. [3, 45 p.]

Social assistance - one of the main forms of social protection, focused primarily on the material support of the elderly and disabled people, and families with children. Such assistance is usually a compensatory nature and financed from the budgets of different levels, and charity. Everyone is guaranteed social security in old age, sickness, disability, widowhood, for the education of children and other cases provided for by law. The social assistance system includes pensions, set to disabled family members in the event of loss of a breadwinner, the disabled, including those disabled since childhood, the elderly, benefits and other payments to large families, single-parent and low-income families, social services through residential institutions for the elderly, disabled and children orphans, social service centers at home and emergency services social care prosthetics, vocational training and employment of disabled persons. [2, 361 p.]

 The world history has shown that the form and extent of social development may be inadequate political development. In the world there were many examples of political and social processes developed ambiguous. For example, the Weimar Republic, reaching a progressive political system collapsed as a result of untreated soil for social functioning. Similarly, in the 60-70's were in Iraq, when an attempt was made to carry out major social and economic reforms in the conservative political system. These examples illustrate the dangers of unconsidered and uneven, unbalanced flow of political development. Therefore, the most important task of social and cultural policy of a democratic state is to achieve a level of balance in public life through:

- government guarantees to prevent the consequences of natural disasters or amortization, hunger, disease, and natural and man-made disasters, demographic "explosion", etc.;

- redistribution of resources and organizational effort to ensure a certain standard of living and the change its qualities in the direction of reduces social tensions;

- regulation of living ( by taxes, funds, charities). [4, 315 p.]

Kazakhstan gained independence, the state has set a goal of "building a strong sovereign state with a socially oriented market economy" and led to the formation of a fundamentally new social relations. [5, 8p.] The emphasis was placed on strengthening the process of economic liberalization. It was assumed that the greater the force attains the process, the more successful will be promoted economic reform, the sooner the country will come out of acute social and economic crisis. This logic follows from the recommendations of the World Bank.

In President’s message to the people of Kazakhstan "Kazakhstan - 2030: Prosperity, security and improvement of welfare of all Kazakhstan", in October 1997, N.A. Nazarbayev emphasized that in the past six years, we had two main goals. First, Kazakhstan became a sovereign independent state, and secondly, we have launched large-scale social, political and economic reforms. Embarked on the creation of socially oriented market economy sharply raised the issue of psychological adaptation to the new conditions of the state's independence and the formation of identity in the population as citizens of Kazakhstan. The situation is further aggravated by the rupture of economic relations, recession, rising unemployment, the problem of non-payment, inflationary pressures, as the absolute impoverishment. An important issue for the determination of further political and economic development of Kazakhstan was performing its relationship to the social development of the Republic. [6, 93p.] One of the main direction was the tasks to ensure stability and ethnic harmony, building a society that provides a sufficient level of welfare of all its citizens and the advancement of democracy. It became apparent that the success of economic reforms can not be accomplished without the priority development of science, education, culture, without proper health and social protection of citizens. Therefore, in the process of developing a domestic policy formation took a radically new social and cultural policy. "We should know distinctly and understand, - said President - what we want to build and what should be the trajectory, the highway of our development which lead to the selected target. Correct identification of our priorities, selecting appropriate strategies, demonstrating the will and persistence in the path, we can unnecessary off-dashing aside, waste of energy, time and resources. Having a strong sense of purpose and strategy, we are able to overcome any major obstacles that stand in our way". [6, 93p.]

Policy problems of state in the social and cultural sphere require the most serious attitude on the part of our state. On timely solutions of these problems depends largely on the stability of the society, the standard of living, cultural and educational potential of the country and, therefore, the success of the social and economical reforms to achieve economic independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

Constitution and the laws give to all citizens regardless of nationality equal rights to social protection, health, working conditions, to use their native language and culture, and to choose the language of communication, education, training, creativity and prohibit discrimination based on national and linguistic grounds. [7, art.19] The Constitution establishes the obligation of State to pursue social policies that would guarantee for each person desired standard of living. In the rank of the national policy is being built to create economic, social and legal conditions for the free development of the individual. The Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan in 1993 fixes the main areas of social policy, which are:

- guarantee a minimum wage and pensions and social security in old age, sickness, disability, widowhood;

- provide guaranteed free compulsory secondary education;

- ensuring the right to health care and a guaranteed volume of free medical care;

- environmental protection that is conducive to human life and health, environmental management. [8, art.28-31]

At the same time, an analysis of legislative and regulatory support of the largest blocks of social and cultural policy in 1991-1994 shows the presence of specific problems related to their often inadequate folding new relationships in the community. Thus, in this period of social and cultural opportunities acted:

- in social security area:

The law "On the minimum consumer budget" from June 6, 1991, Law of RK "On Insurance" from July 3, 1992, the Law of RK "On social protection of citizens affected by the nuclear tests at the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site" (1993), the Law of RK "on social protection of citizens affected by the environmental disaster in the Aral Sea" (1992), Presidential Decree "On measures of social support for families with many children" (1992) also created the State Social Insurance Fund (1992), the State Fund employment Assistance (1991), Pension Fund (1991)

- in labor relations: the Law of RK "On Labor Protection" from February 22, 1993;

- in health care area: the Law of RK "On protection of health" from February 19, 1992, the Law "On Prevention of AIDS" ftom October 5, 1994;

- in education sphere: the Law of RK "On Education" from March 5, 1992, "On Higher Education" from April 10, 1993;

- in cultural sphere: the Law of RK "On protection and use of historical and cultural heritage" from July 2, 1992

These laws were a standard array in which regulatory role played by the conflicting laws of the USSR, the laws passed by the former High Council of Kazakhstan and the Republic of Kazakhstan in the early 90's. These regulations were poorly mated and created great difficulties in their practical application.

For example, over time, social services financed from the budget as well as from the companies underwent a drastic reduction in real terms. The reason was the imperfection of the Law "On Pension Benefits Act in the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic" from June 17, 1991, which was adopted in a very different social, economic, legal, demographic situation. Therefore, for the short period of its activity the Law has acquired a huge number of amendments, sometimes radically changing certain articles of the law. However, these changes did not bring appreciable increase to pensioners income, could not keep falling level of pension. A similar situation was in the field of health care, when in early 1992, adopted the Law "On the health of the people", which is also in the changed social and economical relations could hardly be a legal basis for the further development and operation of the industry. Therefore, the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan adopted a series of decrees that have the force of law, "on Health Insurance", "On the private and paid medicine", "On the donation of blood and blood components".

With the adoption in August 1995, the new Constitution of Kazakhstan, the country began the next stage of reforms of social philosophy, a new macro model of Kazakh society. The new basic law of the Kazakhstan has set a goal to build democratic, secular, legal and social state, providing a dignified life and free development of the individual. These rights are fully and consistently explained in section II. Man and Citizen, p. 10-39. The fact that one of the purposes of the constitutional reform is to build a strong social state, put the community responsible for the effective implementation of the principles of the Constitution in the real world. The Constitution provides for the basic directions of social policy. They were aimed, above all, to protect and support the state of marriage and the family, motherhood, fatherhood and childhood, to set the guaranteed minimum wage and a pension, social security for old age, sickness, disability, widowhood. Thus, the tasks of the state under the new Constitution are not only guarantee a minimum subsistence of every member of society and events in the field of health, housing and family policy, but also differences in the alignment of starting opportunities through the state education system, the redistribution of national income in the fiscal policy and regulation of the labor market.

References

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6. Nazarbayev N.A. Kazakhstan - 2030. Prosperity, security and the welfare of all Kazakhs. - Almaty: Bilim. 1997. - 150 p.

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