D.p.s. Shkutina
L.A., M.p.s. Suleyeva K.M., Karakasidi Y.K.
The Karaganda State
University of the name of academician E.A.Buketov
Methods
greatly contributing children’s interest during physical education classes
Today Kazakhstan has national policy of formation of the healthy
lifestyle, which has absorbed the best international practices. One of the most
important areas of the annual message of the President of the Republic of
Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev to the people of Kazakhstan is "Strengthening
the educational component of the learning process Patriotism, norms of morals,
physical and spiritual development, and healthy lifestyle advance" [1]. These
values should be established and developed in all educational and sports
institutions. Formation intellectual, physically and spiritually developed
citizen of the Republic of Kazakhstan – one of the most important purposes of
our state [2]. That is why today the development of sports and maintenance of a
healthy lifestyle is most actually.
The aim of physical education is training a healthy, cheerful, vitality,
physically perfect, harmonious and creative development of the child. The
results of physical educational process depend on the quality of teaching and
educational work done in classes. This can be achieved by gradual
problem-solving that a lesson based on.
According to age, anatomical and physiological and psychological
features physical training solve s improving, educational and educational
problems. All these tasks also are solved during physical education classes.
The organized physical education stated in the curriculum objectives to
teach children to make physical activities, to polish work outs, to develop
skills and abilities that mastered during classes and practice them outside of
school as well. Sequential accomplishment of educational goals leads to a
systematic, robust and complete study of the academic program material. Solving
some educational tasks requires a relatively long time (a set of consecutive
lessons), and for other - just a lesson.
Educational objectives also include children’s receiving physical
education and sport, the preserving health, daily schedule, right breathing,
conditioning to the cold, and right work outs.
Performing educational objectives usually associated with the solving of
the educational and health problems. The lessons of physical education is
brought up attention, discipline, will, carefulness, solicitous attitude to
property, as well as a sense of friendship, comradeship, commitment,
independence and perseverance in overcoming difficulties.
Recreational objectives, as well as pedagogical, must be solved in each
lesson. Logical procedure of physical education lessons must be conducted in
special outfit, in the corresponding sports suits, in the open air - all this
helps to make favorable conditions for solving health problems.
All above-listed problems of physical training are solved in unity. It
contribute the all-round education of the child directed on physical,
intellectual, spiritual, emotional development; psychophysical readiness for
work and study at school [3, 4].
In order to solve these problems, a teacher of physical training must
ensure a high level of students’ activity in the classroom. For this reason, it
is necessary to evoke their interests in physical work outs, to strive for
developing physical and mental qualities and get as much satisfaction as
possible from these activities.
There are cognitive and motor activities in the classroom.
Cognitive activity contains careful perception of the material and
sensible attitude towards it, which leads to its mastering. Motor activity is
associated with direct, conscious and motivated exercises. In other words, both
activities are characterized by students’ mental willingness [4].
There are two different connotations of mental activity (biological and
social). They sort out a number of factors that ensure physical activity during
classes. Such as:
1) biological factors: the need to motion, life and health preservance;
2) social factors: peculiarities of lesson organizing, other people’s
assessment, especially teachers’ interest in physical education lessons [4].
Interest - is a conscious positive attitude to anything that encourages
people to be active in getting to know the of object of interest [4]. In
psychology, the interest is characterized by such qualities as breadth (range
of human interests), profoundness (the degree of interest in any object),
constancy (the duration of the interest to any object), motivation (the degree
of consciousness, or accidental interest), the effectiveness of (to being
active to meet the interests).
Students have various interests at physical education lessons: the wish
to improve health, shape a body, to develop physical and mental qualities (the
will, etc.). It is important to note that the interests of boys and girls are
differ. Girls are more likely to want to shape a beautiful figure, to develop
flexibility and improve the grace, gait, etc. Boys, in turn, as a rule, tend to
develop strength, hardiness, speed and agility [5].
Physical education has its own age-specific features. Juniors primarily
are interested in motor activity in general (on the basis of the primary
motives). They like running, jumping and playing by nature.
Teenagers do physical work outs, being motivated by personal development
(minor motives). They have a strong desire to be like a "hero", who
is their idol, an example for imitation, or to improve the dimension of muscle
mass in order to be a part of “in crowd”.
High school students put the reasons related to their life plans in the
first place. Their physical work outs are caused primarily due to training
yourself for a specific future career [6].
Every teacher of physical education, who wants his students to be active
in the lesson, must strive to build an educational process, taking into account
not only age peculiarities and students’ motivation. There are also a number of
factors that affect the activity involved. The main ones are: the creation of a
positive background, the highest possible workload of students in the class.
To create a positive emotional background is of great importance in the
lessons, including physical education classes. As a rule, it is formed in the
very beginning and must be preserved throughout the lesson. It depends on
students’ feels, their interest in work outs and physical education as a
subject, in specific occupation or teacher's personality, their activities,
mood, behavior and health as well.
There are several key factors that promote higher emotionality of the
lesson and arouse students’ joy while doing work outs [4].
1. Physical training brings satisfaction and joy when the class moves
rather than sits bored on the benches, if they see the teacher’s good spirit,
understand his/her jokes, and they see the results of students’ work. Excessive
excitement of the teacher (restlessness, noisiness), usually leads to an
increase in informal activity involved. It is important that strictness,
accuracy and clarity of actions interspersed with teacher smiles and words to
promote their achievements, their encouragement while having temporary
failures.
2. The use of games and competitive methods always a strong emotional
response involved because of their psychological peculiarities. Remember that
often the feedback can be so strong that it becomes almost impossible to
implement the tasks. Competitive exercises should be conducted at the end of
the lesson. It is unacceptable to apply them before training the techniques of
physical exercises.
Game - it is the traditional form of students class work. It is not only
fun for juniors, but the way of development (age peculiarity). With the help of
the games requiring manifestation of motor activity, students get to learn the
rules and norms of rational movement forms, and develop mental and physical
qualities, communication skills. It is important to use action games on the
lessons, with the teacher, creating a certain plot of the game, includes
teaching aids into the contents. Using this method, the teacher must take part
in the game him/herself, believe in the reality of created images and perform
the characters of the plot. As they grow up games should be more realistic.
This may be a variety of sports games, first with simplified rules and
conditions, and then completely corresponding to real needs.
3. A variety of teaching aids. It is known that monotonous physical
activity leads to adverse mental states (monotony, mental satiation). There are
many ways to diversify the means and methods of conducting lessons: use the frontal,
group students activities; include a variety of new exercises (for example, for
the development of the same physical quality you can use different exercises on
the content) to change the situation, the conditions of the lesson (the
transition from the gym in the air, walking and running accompanied by music,
general developmental exercises in the introductory part of the lesson). [5].
It is also important to set properly the objectives of the lesson aimed
to increase students’ activity. The most common errors teachers have to fail as
follows:
- Teacher lists the exercises, which will be engaged to perform in
class, rather than to set a task that should be solved;
- Teacher puts unspecific task;
- Teacher doesn’t evoke the students’ interest, a specific and
well-formulated problem does not always lead to the desired result, it is
important that it is linked with the interests involved and their needs;
- The teacher poses the problem which fails to achieve within the
classes.
It gives the impression all their efforts will go in vain [5].
Particular attention should be paid to the optimal work load involved in
the lesson. The optimum work load on the lesson can be achieved by a number of
special organizational - pedagogical measures, the main ones are:
1) elimination of unnecessary pauses, which takes place in several ways:
providing all students of the class
with sports equipment, performing with the students the warming-up activities
and exercises; assigning students to monitor the quality of the exercises,
doing by classmates;
2) permanent teacher’s control of the students during the lesson
(students are warned that all their actions and behavior will be assessed, and
evaluated not only knowledge and skills acquired in the classroom, but their activity,
attention and discipline);
3) drawing students into
educational activity, even those who are exempted from the work out.
Exempted are present in the class, get the task to monitor what others are
doing and to perform all the exercises mentally. It is known that ideomotor
training not only promotes the formation of motor skills, but also develops (to
a lesser degree) physical qualities. Exempted students should be involved in
refereeing, and use the organizers as the assistants [6].
The activity of students in physical education classes is determined by
how the teacher observes didactic principles of pedagogical process. It is
impossible to review all existing principles of this teaching manual, which are
divided into two groups: one reflects the ideological direction of learning and
teaching, and the other - procedural and technical.
It is better to focus on those that can enhance the learning activity of
students. Such as:
1) The principle of tasks optimal difficulty: exercise, given to
students, should be feasible for them and at the same time forcing them to make
effort; determining the optimum of the tasks difficulty, the teacher must
consider the following factors: 1) coordinating complicacy of the exercises,
and 2) the amount of expended physical effort, and 3) the fear of students to
not cope with the exercises, and 4) the degree of understanding the tasks
difficulty by students;
2) the principle of consciousness: students should understand the role
of exercises in moral, volitional, aesthetic and ethical education, the
importance of physical hypodynamia to human health, the necessity of training
in order to prepare for careers;
3) The principle of connection between the training and practical life:
conscious mastering of educational material can be noted only if it has certain
sense for the student, so the teacher must constantly show students the
connection of studied exercises with practical life, focusing the students not
on the technical purity of performed exercises, but on their significance for
the development of mental and physical qualities, motor skills and abilities;
4) the principle of individualization: the term doesn’t refer to the
individual work with one student but individual characteristics of each student
that must be considered by a teacher.
The principle of individualization on the lessons of physical education
is manifested in selection and implementation of the tasks: each person
develops his/her own pace to master academic material (depending on the
abilities, the level of readiness, the typological characteristics of
temperament and character) and an individual level of stress (in the
psycho-physiological aspect). According to that the teacher of physical
education must individualize measure of impact on students [7].
Physical education lesson at school is a very complicated educational
process that has many different components, its specific structure and content.
It is also the basic form of organizing the training in physical education,
development of the children from first through eleventh grades.
The lesson has a diverse effect on the body and the personality of
students, provides them with a variety of reasons to work out, which affect the
procedure of the lesson as a whole. The teacher’s preparation has a great influence
on the quality of the lesson, as well as his abilities to organize the children
and the lesson in general, and to cause their interest in studies.
A well-prepared, organized and conducted the lesson is the result of
made efforts and diligence of the teacher, the key to the harmonious
development of students, without loss of health, but with acquisition of it,
and increasing of their interest in physical culture and sport. It is necessary
for teachers to be carefully and conscientiously prepared for physical
education lessons, beginners especially. The lesson cannot be productive and
successful without proper preparation.
Developing sports, we will be able not only to bring up healthy
generation of youth, but also to cultivate in them sense of patriotism, to
develop physically and spiritually our future generation. Today the importance
of development of sports increases more and more. For development of sports are
necessary not only the material and technical equipment and sports bases.
Popularizing sports in our country, we should create the optimal conditions for
the development, and increase young people's interest in physical culture.
References:
1 Message of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan N.A.Nazarbayev
to the people of Kazakhstan. 27.01.2012.
2 State
Program of Education Development of Kazakhstan for 2011-2020.
3 Stepanenkova E.Y, Theory and methodology of Physical education and
child’s development: Textbooks for high school students. - Moscow: Publishing
Center "Academy", 2001. - 368 p.
4 Ilyin E.P.Psychology of Physical Education. - Moscow, 1987
5 Psychology of Physical Education and Sport: Textbooks for high school
students / E.N.Gogunov, BI Martyanov. - 2nd ed. Dorab. - M.: Publishing Center
"Academy", 2004. - 224.
6 Psychology of Physical Education and Sports.: Textbooks for high
school students. - M.: Publishing Center of the "Academy", 2002. -
288.
7 Kholodov J.K, Kuznetsov V.S. Theory and Methodology of Physical
Education and Sport: A manual for students in higher education, 2nd edition.
Moscow: Publishing Center of the "Academy", 2002. - 480.