Ozeranskaya
N.L., PhD, Associate Professor
Moskovskaya
N.O., senior Lecturer
Kazakh
Agrarian University
PRINCIPLES
OF ORGANIZATION
NORTHERN
TERRITORY agroformations Kazakhstan ON
In this article is
basic direction of optimal composition of nature complex in Kazakhstan. For
increase of stable agriculture area the arable land with low of crop capacity
is necessary to convert into pasture. On the arable land must to increase area
of perennial grass. Rise of ecology stability nature complex one can attain by
means of transfer land lots in other land
form.
Sustainable
economic development of the country as a whole, and the competitiveness of
individual sectors and specific companies is of paramount strategic importance.
Especially important to the task of strengthening the competitiveness of
individual companies and their products. In this regard, the reform of
agricultural enterprises and land reforms should be aimed primarily at the
development of a competitive environment in agricultural production.
To
date, largely developed the basic of methodological issues relating to
non-agricultural land and agricultural enterprises of different specialization.
A number of them is still relevant. However, with the transition to a market
economy, the formation of new land system, the priorities of economic
development of the country in need of improvement methodologies and techniques
of land surveying solutions problems.
The features of agricultural production (especially
grain production) in North Kazakhstan region combined with the existing
socio-economic conditions are that the deficit of water resources, the
development of wind erosion and drought; zonal conditions are favorable for the
cultivation of cereals (wheat and durum strong); high plowed lands and the high
availability of arable land population (in northern Kazakhstan, the level of
decay land is 43-45% vs. 15-17% of the national average), a high level
of specialization and concentration of grain production and its high
marketability, low population density, decent and productive work and narrow
job skills training; lumped territorial distribution of production facilities
and centralized type of resettlement of villagers.
The problem of land management in these circumstances
is to create such an organization of the territory in which the most effective
use favorable economic, social and environmental conditions for obtaining
competitive in domestic and international market of agricultural products.
The system of land use and land ownership, characterized by a number of
spatial, environmental, natural and techno-economic conditions. They are the
result of land development. One of the most important factors of
competitiveness is a land planning, carried out on the basis of
landscape-ecological approach.
Ecological validity of the organization of the territory of agricultural
enterprises are among the most pressing issues of land management science.
Mainstreaming of natural and economic characteristics of land resources
at land management allows more efficiently and effectively use them for their
intended purpose. On-farm land management as a system of measures to create
sustainable and highly productive agricultural landscapes. Projects it is
necessary to be on the basis of surveys and updated materials (topography,
soil, soil erosion, soil reclamation, geobotanic, field surveying, etc.), as
well as on the basis of ecological and landscape approach, keeping in mind the
requirements of environmental stabilization site.
To improve the environmental and economic substantiation both of a base
in the organization of the territory of the agricultural enterprise ions, it is
necessary:
- The establishment of the regional structure of the landscape and
grounds that reflect the economic suitability of the land;
Definitions for each work site and field crop rotation levels of the
intensity of management on the basis of the landscape approach to the
preparation of the passport with the application of contour farming and land
reclamation that preserves soil fertility and provide normative profitability
The formation of a system of indicators of
environmental assessment projects, which determines the validity of the
ecological and economic organization of the territory.
The
organization of the territory on the landscape and the ecological basis assumes
optimization landscape systems. Science-based land-leustroitional results can
be achieved only on the basis of landscape-but-ecological approach that takes
into account the requirements of adaptive-landscape systems of agriculture and
land management specific require-mends.
Criterion
for the solution of the problem is the stability of the agricultural landscape
formed (sharp decrease manifestations of erosion-ting processes and drought,
the reproduction of soil fertility and productivity of a stable, removing the
possibility of waterlogging, the stability of the cultural phytocenosis, etc.).
The full functioning of the landscape as a sustainable ecological system is
possible only when it is rational device.
Mainstreaming of natural and economic
characteristics of land resources at land management makes the most rational
and efficient use them for their intended purpose. Land management as a system
of measures to create sustainable and agricultural landscapes. To increase the
environmental and economic feasibility of both the organization in the areas of
agricultural enterprises should:
- The establishment of the regional structure of
the landscape and grounds that reflect the economic suitability of the land;
- Definition for each work site and field crop
rotation levels of the intensity of management on the basis of the landscape
approach to the preparation of the passport with the application of contour
farming and land reclamation that preserves soil fertility and provide
normative profitability.
- The formation of a system of indicators of
environmental assessment projects, defining ecological and economic feasibility
of organizing the territory.
The
device agrolandscape systems, mainly, is to create the optimal structure of
land. Of particular significance acquires this problem in agricultural
landscapes in situations of extremal hydrothermal conditions and therefore have
unstable landscape and ecological balance. These include agricultural
landscapes steppe of Kazakhstan, located in the arid and ostrozasush-arid
conditions. In addition, in the northern regions of the country is compounded
by the position of the business activities in which at osvoe-Research Institute
of virgin land have been significantly disrupted the relationship between
arable land and natural meadows and pastures.
The modern
organization of the territory of the former virgin lands is a square
intersection and straight Ocher-ply voltage monoculture agrolandscape arrays.
This chetyrehsotgektar-tion cell system does not take into account the
peculiarities of the structure and functioning of the landscape. But the
landscape approach in land management should take into account the features of
the landscape area of differentiation, since the area of
each agricultural enterprise is characterized by a peculiar only
to her variety and combination of land-shaftnyh complexes. Only on this basis
is possible to develop an ecologically sound land management projects, which
should envisage the organization rationally transformed landscapes.
The modern
organization of the territory of the former virgin lands is a square intersection
and straight Ocher-ply voltage monoculture agrolandscape arrays. This
chetyrehsotgektar-tion cell system does not take into account the peculiarities
of the structure and functioning of the landscape. But the landscape approach
in land management should take into account the features of the landscape area
of differentiation, since the area of each
agricultural enterprise is characterized by a peculiar only to her variety and
combination of land-shaftnyh complexes. Only on this basis is possible to
develop an ecologically sound land management projects, which should envisage
the organization rationally transformed landscapes....
Field agro
landscapes steppe of Kazakhstan created not by the methods of cultural agro
landscapes, and by replacing the natural man-made systems. Here, due to the
specialization of the region's grain area cultivated areas is much higher than
the recommended thirtieth tiprotsentnogo barrier (in some agricultural
enterprises arable land accounts for 80 - 90%). On the danger of continuous
plowing territory agrolandshaf-comrade, located on the long steppe slopes,
indicating development of the water erosion, the vast plains - wind.
Spatial diversity and ensures
the ecological balance of the landscape. The more diverse and complex the
structure of the landscape, the higher the resistance. The device agro
landscape systems is to create the optimal structure of land, the need for
which more than one hundred years ago wrote Dokuchaev. To achieve this, to
examine and determine the quantitative and qualitative thresholds environmental
compatibility of natural conditions in harmony with the factors of economic
activity. But even Dokuchaev pointed out that in determining the relative areas
of arable land, meadows, forests and water "... rules should be related to
the local climate, groundwater and soil conditions, as well as with the nature
of the dominant crop ...". The steppe zone is necessary to take into
account the bad growing conditions, lack of water sources and the importance of
grain production in the Northern Kazakhstan. That is why in agricultural
landscapes can increase the area of arable land is much higher
than the recommended tridtsatiprotsentnogo barrier compensating for this shift
to 50% due to the introduction of stabilizing crop and land (lane sowing of
perennial grasses, grassing land, fallow land).
The optimization of
the steppe lands of the region should be implemented in the following areas:
1) reduction of
arable land to transfer it to the hayfields and pastures;
2) the expansion of
arable land in the lane perennial crops cultures;
3) increase the area
of forest plantations;
4) The increase in
the area of artificial reservoirs.
Reduction of
arable land may by excluding from its structure land and eroded areas. Due to
them may increase the area of grassland. Should not be under
plowing all the natural moisture batteries (micro-depressions, trough sink).
They are, according to the landscape map, should be removed from the arable land,
since the moisture there, provides a certain climate of the surrounding area.
Grassing bottoms of beams and depressions, which are formed by soil-marks creates an extensive network variety plowed
landscape.
We must abandon the monoculture agricultural landscapes, as an
adaptation to the landscape is only possible if a diversified economy. It is
important to not only the optimum combination of crops and livestock that
determines the ratio of arable land and grassland, but also diversity in the
crop sector. The introduction of crop rotation with band placement of perennial
grasses not only has the value of soil protection, but also increases the area
with vegetation close to the natural growth of grass, thus enhancing the
environmental sustainability of the landscape.
We must abandon the monoculture agricultural
landscapes, as an adaptation to the landscape is only possible if a diversified
economy. It is important to not only the optimum combination of crops and
livestock that determines the ratio of arable land and grassland, but also
diversity in the crop sector. The introduction of crop rotation with band
placement of perennial grasses not only has the value of soil protection, but
also increases the area with vegetation close to the natural growth of grass,
thus enhancing the environmental sustainability of the landscape.
The specificity of agricultural land depends on the landscape
features of a particular object. It makes a comprehensive study, analyze and
take into account the landscape diversity within each horizontal landscape zone
and zonal variations. Agriculture Organization of the area should be
differentiated according to types and kinds of landscapes, that is based on
their zonal and provincial characteristics, typological and individual
properties. Therefore the organization of the territory must be based on the principle
of microzonal, which involves determining the proper use of the area of
each of the functional units of the morphological landscape by
examining the relationship of its structural parts: facies, tracts.
Identification of patterns of internal territorial dismemberment of the
landscape, the nature of the relationship and arrangement of its morphological
parts, evaluation of environmental ¬ anyone of agricultural lands, the study
process ¬ joint degradation and pollution of soils cause agro landscape create
the basic structure of the territory by providing agro landscape circuits -
Agri-environment homogeneous (workers) plots suitable various crops and their
groups.
The organization of the territory of the slopes on a landscape basis, ie taking into account the landscape
features of the area, fits into the structure of the natural landscape, forming
a stable natural and economic systems. An example of the principle of natural
and anthropogenic competed it possible contour-reclamation area on the slopes
of the organization in the form of a horizontal contour of micro-watersheds
(landscape of the bands).
Accounting landscape linkages is essential of
protection and the protective value of land in the Territory, located on the
slopes. As an example may be negative large rectangular design fields cell
slopes. The fact that under-native systems that must be considered when placing
fields expressed in relief, are not arranged in a square, and a horizontal
contour and lane microzones (landscape bands). It is within the landscape
strips are designed the same of measures for their use.
In the structure of modern agricultural landscapes
with no loop nature protection and recreational purposes, which is one of the
reasons of violation of their landscape and ecological balance. For the
preservation of the natural landscape the earth's surface is necessary to
provide a complete or partial withdrawal of some of the land from agricultural
use. This principle allows to preserve the stabilizing function of the
landscape that defines the reproduction of the resource potential and the
preservation of the environment.
For
areas with partial conservation in steppe conditions may include: tinned bottom
beams and stream flow with a resolution adjustable mowing; plots of arable land per-tinkering with
their perennial grasses for at least 5 years (to the extent of their recovery
is permitted mowing); water protection zones around the natural and the
man-made reservoirs with the prohibition of plowing and grazing or other
restrictions in accordance with regulations on water protection zones;
protective forest area around the settlements, highways, industrial objects.
Sites
with full preservation (the prohibition of all kinds of activity) may be small
areas of natural landscapes, which can serve as benchmarks zonal natural
vegetable-STI, and having in its composition of rare or endangered species of
plants (eg, forest reserves); shallow depressions that are natural accumulators
of runoff, and in which are saved in natural biotic communities, fallow land,
you behavior of the agricultural use of natural means to restore, coastal
(buffer) zones around all types of water sources.
Such
events have a positive stabilizing effect of separating can be implemented
within each agricultural landscape of the steppe. They should be designed in a
land development project.
The
importance and necessity of the landscape approach in the search for
sustainable agricultural land use, preservation of landscape resources and the
living environment is obvious. In the process of transformation of natural
landscape systems for agricultural purposes it is important to take into
account all of the above principles in the complex. It should be noted that the
formation of sustainable agricultural landscapes main view to maintaining a
continuous landscape ecological equilibrium.
List of references:
1. Volkov SN Land
management in land reform. M. Bylina, 1998.
2. Dokuchaev V. Our
steppes before and now. - Moscow: State Publishing House, 1953.
3. Mordkovich VG
The steppe ecosystem. Nauka, Novosibirsk, 1982.