Филологические науки/2. Риторика и стилистика

Doctor of philological science Chistyakova I.U.

Candidate for a master's degree Uruzgalieva E.K.

Astrakhan State University , Russia

Genres of oral and written literature

There are categories in each scientific direction without which any of solid doctrines isn't created. In philology, the text and a genre belong to such categorial concepts. Now a lot of people write a lot about a tekstotsentrichnost of modern communicative processes, but they forget that the text doesn't exist without a genre. Any speech is made out in the text in the form of the certain genre, thus one genres are directed on society entertainment, others - on regulation of public processes.

One more differentiation is essential too: all types of literature are subdivided on historical and new. Questions about differentiation of primary and secondary genres, rhetorical and speech genres, difference of rhetorical genres from other genres of literature, a problem of intergenre interaction of texts continue to excite scientists.

The big picture of genres of literature includes multiple reduplications (research article and po-ed piece; the report in oral business language and the report in consultative political oratory; advertizing in mass media and elective political speech; note in written diplomatic literature and note verbale in diplomatic oratory as an oral public genre; prayer in written spiritual literature and salat in homiletics; lecture in the sphere of daily communication and in spiritual literature; the complaint in official speech and the complaint as primary speech genre of household communication; the order in official speech and the requirement in daily communication; dithyramb as lyric literary and art genre and dithyramb as primary speech genre of household communication).

Some classes of literature are come up with both written and oral genres. It is obvious that those genres are business, diplomatic, spiritual and the literature of mass media existing in one pattern of speech with journalism. Observations on intertekstualnost of tests confirm that in certain cases the subject, idea from one type of literature is transferred to another and there is a contents benefication. Collection of all genres of oral and written literature isn't presented in one modern or historical source, and the most mysterious links are types of the oral word. And if primary genres, i.e. genres of daily communication, were a subject matter of M. M. Bakhtin more than once, and also detailed linguistic research of school of sciences of O. B. Sirotinina, secondary genres, i.e. being formed in the conditions of the organized cultural communication, are described insufficiently. Besides numerous literary and art genres in their written performance and oral genres of folklore, in archive of the Russian literature we find types that have and have not opposition - oral – written.

The diplomatic literature is presented as written genres (a note, a personal note, the private letter, a notandum, the memorandum, messages of Ministers of Foreign Affairs or presidents, the convention, the agreement), and oral genres - diplomatic negotiations, verbale note, the statement of the government, speech of leaders of the states, the statement following the results of negotiations, the message of department of information and the press of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, speech on reception, speech during a dinner, performance at official diplomatic conference, speech of diplomats at a press conference, consultation as one of types of the diplomatic negotiations, aiming to reveal positions on discussed problems.

Is it possible to claim, that the diplomatic speeches being part of consultative oratory along with military and political performances, have unique, specific features? Like military speeches they call for something, and as well as political, pursue the aim of transformation of society, improvement of foreign policy of the state. It is known that when the foreign policy situation becomes complicated, the most skilled diplomats sit down at a negotiating table. The same situation was before the war in Iraq: Putin sent to Iraq Primakov for conversation with Saddam Hussein. There wasn’t more authoritative candidate in Russia. In Soviet period E.M.Primakov was the only diplomatic representative who met the head of Kurds Moustapha Barzani not once. The real diplomat can appear at any time in "hot zone" and show qualities of the professional military and the far-sighted politician. On a plan you won't call diplomatic speeches improvised. The diplomat is in certain time in a certain place and accurately knows, according to what plan it is necessary to work, but there are also unforeseen situations, for example, in a wartime, and the share of improvisation in speech activity of a ritor is high. Besides, the diplomat speaks seldom on wide audience. Diplomatic negotiations are a dialogue "behind the closed door".

In business literature we can find written types (the law, the constitution, the declaration, the decree, the resolution, the petition, the statement of claim, the charter, the contract, duty regulations, the order, the report, the service record, an explanatory note, the appeal, the instruction, the decision, the protocol, the reference, the characteristic, the summary, the telegram, the questionnaire, the notice, the will) and oral types (telephone conversation, business conversation, business meeting, discussion, debate, the report, consultation, the instruction, negotiations, the auction). Like the first two sorts of literature, the spiritual literature includes written genres (a parable, life, lecture, a precept, the message, a prayer) and oral genres, or homilectic (the sermon, a confession, a psalmbook, exclamation, a song laudatory, glorification, an initial prayer, lecture, reading, conversation). It is necessary to carry literature of mass media with written publicistic genres (article, correspondence, interview, a note, information, press review, a sketch, the feuilleton, a gloss, the chronicle, the open letter, the reporting, an essay lampoon, the announcement, the motto, a remark, the comment, the parody, a joke mystification, the satirical comment, advertizing, the obituary) and with oral genres from radio - and television speech (exclusive interview, correspondence, interview, information, press review, the chronicle, the announcement, the comment, a review, advertizing, a teleconference). There were new dialogical genres in mass media in the latest time: teleconference, straight line, a talk-show, reality show, etc., whereas the classical journalism was purely written text from XVI to the XX century , before introduction of radio and television.

Written genres of scientific literature (article, the monograph, the thesis, the abstract, the textbook, the manual, the summary, the review, a response, the scientific comment, the dictionary, the directory, the glossary, the thesaurus, a compendium, the treatise, the paper) differ from genres of the academic homiletics (academic, educational, popular science lecture; scientific report, message, performance, review, scientific discussion). In consultative oratory (besides oral interpositions), we find numerous genres of political speeches (the report, consultative speech, the address to the people, performance, the message to Federal Assembly, a welcoming speech, reporting speech, an inaugural speech, a public statement, the appeal, a keynote speech, the slogan, etc.) ; genres of military speeches (performance and parting speech, speech on parade); two types of judicial speeches (accusatory and justificatory); and also genres epidictic oratory (congratulatory speech, anniversary speech, solemn speech, a panegyric, a toast, ritual speech, thankful speech, the response word, speech on presentations, performance on a case of memorials, significant events, holidays). Traditionally it is considered that the New Year's congratulation of the president of Russia - a sort of political oratory, however, on our belief, a congratulation of the head of state belongs to contaminated texts. Like speeches on the occasion, or speeches on reception of regal persons, or farewell speeches and easter greetings, congratulatory speeches of the president combine characteristic features of at least two genre types - epidictic and consultative (political). Similar public monologues are noted by good intentions, the kind stance on world, don't contain the conflict,its aim is creation of festive mood and improvement of life of society (criterion of political oratory). These monologues combine two times - the future as the purpose of political performances and the present as a task of epidictic oratory.

As a matter of fact, documentary literature deserves close attention of philologists. The matter is that such genres, as memoirs, the diary, historical letters and letter writer, the biography (the life history, or a family tree), and also the philosophical essay can't be carried to literary and art sort of literature as basically they are original, documentary, they don't contain mimesis though according to stylistics they are ornamental. The letter, on our belief, is also classified as documentary literature. In this regard such epistolary heritage as “Moral letters to Lucilius", Seneca younger, "The letter to the son", Chesterfield, "The letter to the stranger", A.Morua, lettres of A.S. Pushkin, L.N.Tolstoi, A.P.Chekhov, A.I.Kuprin, N.M.Karamzin's letter, the message of pastors of church, John Krestyankin's letter deserve special attention. Though it is necessary to recognize that the tendency of mixture of different art genres and synthesis of documentary and art literature was outlined in modern literary and art literature. Such genre as the biography, or life histiry, is analyzed in details by L.E.Tumina. The author addresses to definition of the biography and its general characteristics considered in old Russian rhetoricians of A.F.Merzlyakov, N.I.Grecha, N.F.Koshansky, K.P.Zelenetsky. The purpose of this genre, its composition, style and character of a statement, types of the biography - the autobiography, life, the obituary is investigated. Differences of the biography from history and the characteristic are analyzed. The most ancient genre - the biography was created on a basis "enkomion" - the grave, funeral speech, its purpose is obvious - praise or an abuse. However it is difficult to fall into line with L.E.Tumina when the researcher includes obituary in versions of a genre of the biography, besides the autobiography and life history. In our opinion, it is the operational classical publicistic genre intended for the publication in the newspaper.

There are arguments to believe that such types of oral public speeches of an antique classical era as invective, philippic, polemic, panegyric, hriya aren't considered as genres, but are used at creation of speeches as rhetorical ways.

The situation of communication forms the statement in the form of a certain genre of oral or written verbal culture. The theory of genres is created on the basis of the analysis of the corresponding way of the speech which has been described in details by Y.V.Rozhdestvenskii: 1^st way - oral speech, 2^nd way - written language, 3 rd way - printing speech, 4 th way - speech of mass communication. Let's remind that the rhetoric is engaged in the rhetorical genres connected with conditions of oral public communication.

The concept "composition" does not enough studied. In fact, each rhetorical genre has the original composition. Even public oratorical statement can have different composition. Classical composition of an oratorical monologue is as follows: 1.introduction, 2.narration, or historical background, 3.argument, 4.contradiction, 5.conclusion. Aristotle approved necessary existence of two parts in public speech – narration and argument, thus he noted that the majority of speeches is incorporated by four parts: 1.introduction, 2.narration, 3.argument, 4.conclusion. Apologetic judicial speech includes: 1.narration, 2.interpretation of the facts, supported with proofs (probation), 3.rebutment of the arguments of the accuser (refutatio). Let's give an example of composition of one more genre - a panegyric, according to Germogen: 1.wonderful events at the birth, 2.parenting, 3.education, 4.kind of his soul, 5.kind of his body, 6. occupation and works. It is obvious that this composition is constructed on classical topics. In the oratory the genre is determined by belonging of its texts to a certain sort of eloquence. In the conditions of change of genres of one sort, criteria of their allocation can also change. The genre form is formed throughout a long time and is a sign of this time. In this regard works about historical variability of genres of Y.N.Tynyanov, D.S.Likhachyova, V.V.Kozhinova, etc.deserve special attention. Traditionally it is considered that unlike real and objective existing texts - public speeches - a genre - abstract, theoretical concept.

Each time a genre repeats anew, it is made by extraction of experience of the past and its connection with a new ideological situation, another public dimension. In this regard there is a question: has the right to existence such genre as a sophisticated small talk in the XXI century? The facts of modern reality don’t speak well for this genre. So, in 2008 the message passed in mass media: in St. Petersburg the last Russian aristocrat, national actor Igor Dmitriev died. Can we mention many names, characterizing elite type of speech culture? Meanwhile the sophisticated small talk has to be constructed on the basis of distinguished, refined, stylistically successful expressions. Is it possible during an era of prosperity of a slang and speech vulgarization?

There are new public statements with model style and a dialectic reasoning in which intellectual and cultural wealth is approved. Such dialogues carry to philosophical conversations. In this regard a TV program "What to do? " is of interest (Culture channel) . Depending on a situation and the communication purpose, dialogue can be presented by different types: business (oral professional), political, diplomatic, scientific, scenic, confessionary, information, secular, family, friendly, love, etc. The brilliant orator speaks differently, than the usual native speaker in a household colloquial situation. The rhetoric domineer over all speech spheres, including poetic language. What is the difference of rhetorical genre from all other genres? It is obvious that the structure of genres and genre versions of a certain public political period depends on historically developed structure of the cardinal philological directions: rhetoricians, poetics, stylistics. In the oratory genres of oral public speech are described: political, diplomatic, military, judicial, academic, spiritual; the poetics contains data on literary art genres; in stylistics the special attention is paid to written genres entering into their structure.

There are all bases to believe that in philological science there are three main understandings of the term "genre": literary, rhetorical and linguistic. The first two understandings have long tradition - from antiquity up to now, development of the last one belongs to the XX century. It is important for understanding of a place of a genre in this or that sort of literature what reality is reflected and what language and stylistic means it is represented in connection with valuable installations of this culture.

It is important to emphasize that each genre during a certain era has the purpose formed by time rather than space. So, throne speech, by tradition sounding at change of the emperor in Russia, during the new democratic period was replaced with an inaugural speech - the genre which has come from the West. And every era puts forward the dominating genres which make impact on other genre forms. Each genre has the laws of functioning. Naturally, there is a question: why isn't investigated the problem of evolution of genres in one speech national culture; aren't studied the reasons of emergence of these or those genres during a certain historical and cultural period; isn't made the comparative-historical analysis of genres of different speech cultures; aren't revealed criteria and prospects of development of many genres of literature and their purpose; aren't described genre priorities of exemplary speaking persons - public speakers, politicians, writers, scientists?

Literature

1. Bakhtin, M. M. The problem of speech genres/M M. Bakhtin//Aesthetics of verbal creativity. – M, 1979. – Page 245-247.

2. Sirotinina, O. B. some reflections concerning the term "speech genre" and "rhetorical genre" / Island. of B. Sirotinin//speech Genres. – Saratov, 1999. – 284с.

3. Rogdestvensky, U.V. general philology / U.V. Rozhdestvensky. – M.: New millennium, 1996. – Page 27.

4. Shevchenko, N. V. genres of the speech and genres of texts in a modern rechevedeniye/N of V. Shevchenko//the Offer and the word: paradigmatic, text and communicative aspects. – Saratov, 2000. – Page 292.

5.Volkov, A.A. Rhetoric as personal philosophy of word / A.A.Wolves//Rhetoric in modern society and education: materials 3-5 International conference on rhetoric. – M.: Flint – Science, 2003. – Page 23-24