ÓÄÊ: 658.14/17
Kruglov V.N.
Institute of management,
business and technology
The innovative algorithm
development
Keywords: innovation, investment, technology,
innovation, Economics, management, process, function, classification, market.
Abstract: the article analyzes the concept of innovative
entrepreneurship as a mandatory attribute of modern society. Presents and
examines the various classifications used for comparative analysis. The Russian
experience is presented through the prism of world scientific schools and their
achievements. Available adaptation mechanisms concerning borrowing best
practices. Practical recommendations on the application of innovative systems.
Innovation (in translation from English. the word "innovation"
means innovation, innovation, innovation) understand the use of innovations in
the form of new advanced technologies, products and services, new and more
sophisticated forms of organization of production and labor, management and
maintenance. Concepts such as "innovation", "innovation",
"innovation" are often considered synonyms, although between them
there are differences.
Innovation is a new procedure, a method, a new phenomenon, the
invention. The word "innovation" means the process of the practical
use of innovations. Since the adoption to the implementation of innovation
acquires a new quality, and becomes the innovation (innovation). The time
interval between the occurrence of innovation and in innovation (innovation)
has been called the innovation lag [1, p. 129].
The concept of "innovation" as an economic category was
introduced into scientific circulation by the Austrian economist Joseph
Schumpeter. He first considered the issues associated with new combinations of
production factors, and, accordingly, has identified five possible changes in
development (innovation):
- the use of new equipment, technologies or new market ensure the
production process;
- the introduction of products with new consumer properties;
- the use of new raw materials;
- changes in the organization of production and logistics;
- entering new markets.
According to the international standards of innovation represents the
final result of effective innovation, which is embodied in the form of the
market new or significantly improved product, new or improved technologies that
are used in practice, either in a qualitatively new approach to the delivery of
social services [2, p. 176].
The motto of innovation is "new and different" that reflects a
lot of the atomicity of this concept. For example, innovation in the provision
of services represents an innovation in the very essence of the rooms, in the
production, provision and consumption of services, behavior of employees of
service industries. Innovations are not always based on inventions and
discoveries. There are innovations that are based on ideas. An example here may
be the emergence of zip fasteners, ball-point pens, aerosol cans, rings on cans
of drinks, etc.
Innovation does not necessarily have to be associated with the
technique, and in General to have a real look. Virtually no technological
innovation may not influence to compete with the idea of selling on the
installment plan. Using this idea, the economy is literally transformed.
Innovation is a new value for a particular consumer, it must meet his needs and
desires.
Thus, to binding properties innovations include novelty, industrial
applicability (economic feasibility) and in addition, innovation must satisfy
the demands of consumers.
Systematic innovation consists in the purposeful search for changes and
in the systematic analysis of the opportunities that these changes can provide
for the efficient operation of the enterprise.
Innovation plays a significant role in maintaining and strengthening
positions of enterprises, innovation is particularly critical for the
development of new businesses. However, it should be noted that innovation
management is a very time-consuming process. The main part of the proposed
market innovation appears to be generally unsuccessful. However, those
businesses that do not develop innovations after some time disappear from the
market.
The complexity of the innovation, their diversity and the variety of
fields and applications necessitate the classification of innovation.
Some of the types of innovation that differ by areas of use and stages
of STP:
- technical innovations are emerging, usually in the production,
featuring new or improved consumer properties;
- technological appear when using more advanced methods of production;
- organizational and managerial innovations, primarily associated with
the optimal organization of the production process, transportation, supply and
distribution;
- information aimed at solving problems of rational organization of
information flow in the field of scientific and technical and innovative
activities, improve the reliability and timeliness of information;
- social aimed at improving conditions of labour and production, problem
solving in the areas of education, health, culture.
Different types of innovation are closely linked, and impose certain
requirements on innovative mechanism. For example, technical and technological
innovations, influencing the content of the production processes, in parallel,
create conditions for the implementation of managerial innovations by changing
the organization of production [3, p. 211].
Reviewed the classification of innovation show that innovation processes
are diverse, and vary greatly in nature.
Accordingly, the forms of realization of innovations, methods and scope
of their impact on the economy, as well as evaluating their effectiveness also
varied.
Thus, the complexity of innovation, the complexity and diversity of the
fields and methods of use contribute to the development of their
classification. Attempt of classification of innovation among domestic
researchers have P. P. Bezdolnogo, G. A. Smirnova and O. D. Nechaeva. In
classification, it is necessary to consider the characteristics of innovation
processes necessary for the design and implementation of
organizational-economic mechanism of management, and the resulting predominant
type of innovation that these processes and forms.
The framework emphasizes 12 basic features of classification, the
majority of which are considered by different researchers. On these grounds
allocated 39 different types of innovation. Since the number of features
partially overlap each other, some types of innovations according to different
characteristics may overlap. However, in General, selected characteristics give
the opportunity to make a bulk aggregation of the innovation.
The causes secrete reactive and strategic innovation.
Reactive innovations ensure the survival of the company, these
innovations arise in response to competitor innovations, i.e., reactive
innovation firm is forced to enter behind the competitor to continue the
competition in the market [4, p. 107].
Strategic innovations are innovations, the implementation of which has
the leading character for the purposes of obtaining a long term competitive
advantage.
The classification of the subject matter and scope of application of
innovations suggests a division into the following types: product innovation
(new materials and products), market innovations (innovations that open up new
areas of application of a certain product; innovations that go with the product
to new markets), process innovation (technology, organization of production and
management process).
According to the criterion of novelty of the innovation can be based on
new technological discoveries or to be developed on the basis of a new method
(method), which applied to new phenomena. Technical modernization in the field
of electronics in the 80-ies differed significantly from all previous upgrades
that is not the result of consistent development of new technical inventions,
and as a result improve the performance of invented earlier.
From the standpoint of the nature of the requirements of innovation,
highlight innovations focused on existing needs, and innovations that can
create new needs.
The extent of the spread can distinguish innovations that became the
basis for the emergence of a new industry that produces a homogeneous product,
and innovations that are applicable in all sectors of the economy. Often these
types of innovations over time follow each other. You can give the following
examples: electrical engineering and electrification; automobile industry and
motorization; production of personal computers and computerization.
Classification of innovations in order of importance, allocates basic
(otraslevojj penetrating into other industries, major) innovation; improve
(significant improvement of base technologies) and pseudo innovations, which
represent minor changes to basic innovations.
Classification of innovations according to the level of novelty is a
division of the totality of innovations into homogeneous groups according to
the level of novelty in order to assess their significance. The concept of
novelty can be attributed to the product or the process in General in the case
of absolute novelty or only to certain elements that alter the functions and
features of an existing product or process. From this standpoint we can
distinguish types of innovation according to the first feature of the
classification:
- basic innovations relating to fundamentally new products;
- improving innovations that relate to significant improvements of
existing products and innovation that are associated with the introduction of
new or significantly improved methods of production.
It is necessary to distinguish between innovations and minor modifications
of products and processes (the so-called pseudo innovations) which are as
aesthetic (colour, decoration, etc.), as well as minor technical or external
changes in the product, but left unchanged its design and does not have any
significant impact on technical parameters, consumer characteristics, the cost
of any goods and materials and components included in its composition;
expanding the range of manufactured products as a result of the production of
products previously unreleased in the enterprise, but already well-known
products on the market to meet current demand and increase revenues [5, p.
124].
Classification of innovations on the level of innovation can be process
parameters or market positions. From a position of technological parameters of
innovation can be divided into: a) product innovations involving the use of new
materials, components and semi-finished products, acquiring new functions (new
products); b) process innovation, the essence of which is new manufacturing
process, a higher level of automation, new methods of organizing production
(concerning new technologies). By type of novelty in the composition of
innovation can be distinguished: new products for the industry in the global
market, new products for the industry in the domestic market, new product for
the company.
And all this variety of innovation is an indispensable attribute of
modern management.
Literature:
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Kruglov V. N., Batenkov S. A.
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Kruglov V. N., Aleksandrov E. L.
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