Zhanar Kendirbekova,
AimanTuyakova
Karaganda State University named academician
E.A.Buketov, Kazakhstan
The work of a social teacher with homeless and neglected children
Talking about
the problem of homelessness can be done since 1989. From this moment, the
absolute disintegration of both families and state structures that should be
dealt with by children began. If before they were carried out at least a formal
gaze, now they have become stay in the full sense of the word.
The severe socioeconomic situation in which Kazakhstan finds itself as a result
of the "reforms" carried out in the last decade, one of its
consequences is the colossal growth in the number of street children. According
to the Prosecutor General's Office of the Russian Federation, there are now
about two million children of homeless and neglected children in Kazakhstan[1].
In the sphere
of ensuring the rights of the child in Kazakhstan, the most burning problems
remain homelessness, orphanhood, child crime and drug addiction. Others have
lost their homes and are themselves homeless. Many children lived in families
of alcoholic parents, were beaten and forced to leave home. The causes of child
homelessness can be different, but the result is common - children are forced
to live for months and years at railway stations and basements, without
adequate nutrition, without education. Often they fall into the criminal
environment, live and are brought up according to its laws [2].
The main
legislative document aimed at addressing the problems of child neglect and
neglect is the federal law "On the Basics of the System for the Prevention
of Neglect and Juvenile Delinquency" of24.06.1999, according to which the
main tasks in the system of prevention of neglect and juvenile delinquency are
the prevention of neglect , homelessness, juvenile delinquency and antisocial
actions, identification and elimination of causes and conditions, facilitate
this; ensuring the protection of the rights and legitimate interests of minors;
social and pedagogical rehabilitation of minors in socially dangerous
situations; identification and suppression of cases involving minors in
committing crimes and antisocial actions.
A minor is considered to be neglected, control over which behavior is absent
due to non-fulfillment or inadequate performance of duties for his upbringing
and (or) maintenance by parents or other legal representatives or officials;
homeless - unaccompanied, not having a place of residence and (or) a place of
stay [3].
The bodies
and institutions of the system for the prevention of child neglect and juvenile
delinquency carry out individual preventive work (individual preventive work -
the timely detection of minors and families in socially dangerous situations,
as well as their social and pedagogical rehabilitation and prevention of
offenses and antisocial actions) in parents or legal representatives of minors,
if they do not fulfill their duty her on their upbringing, training and content
and have a negative impact on their behavior or are cruel to them. They are
within their competence to ensure the observance of the rights and legitimate
interests of minors, to protect them from all forms of discrimination, physical
or mental violence, abuse, abuse, sexual and other exploitation, identify
minors and families in socially dangerous situations, and promptly inform the
relevant structures.Considering that many organizations of various departmental
subordination deal with problems of children's rights protection, these normative
documents determine the main directions of activity and establish the
responsibility of all structures for organizing preventive work. The prevention
of neglect and homelessness reflects one of the most troubling problems of our
life, from the timely solution of which the future and society largely depends
[4].
The main
measures to prevent homelessness should be adoption, guardianship and tutelage,
and only if it is impossible to provide the child with family education,
educational institutions that can recreate the conditions of upbringing close
to family, the adaptation of children to normal life in society (family
orphanages, children's villages, etc.). Eliminate the problem of homelessness
is only able to society, placing the child at the center of their interests and
giving paramount importance to the ethics of care and charity.The work of a
social teacher with street children and homeless children can be divided into
two areas: preventive and correctional and rehabilitation.The preventive
orientation of social and pedagogical activity with these children includes:
- work on the
organization of an enabling environment for upbringing and communication;
- Timely
correction of family relations;
- search for
forms of employment of children in their spare time;
- forms of
custody of children in the period of objective employment of parents and family
members;
- putting
children on social and pedagogical records;
- Patronage of individual children.
Social and pedagogical assistance to homeless and
neglected children can be provided in specialized institutions, centers and
services: social shelters, temporary accommodation centers, rehabilitation
centers, etc [5].
The purpose of these institutions is to create a
comfortable social and psychological atmosphere for the child, which makes it
possible to partially restore his contact with the society.
The activities of the social educator in these
institutions can be divided into four stages. The main goal of the interaction
between the social teacher and the child is the return of the child to a
socially organized environment.
Thus, all the activities of the social pedagogue are
aimed at correcting and rehabilitating homeless and neglected adolescents. All
interaction between the social educator and street children and homeless
children should be based on a humane basis that assumes the child's recognition
as a subject of upbringing, accepting him as he is, with his problems,
feelings, feelings, etc .; aspiration to see for any behavior, even antisocial,
a tendency to positive, constructive development.
The process of interaction must be carried out step by
step, taking into account the main problems, needs and opportunities of the
maladjusted child.
The most important task of social and pedagogical
activity should be to help the child in changing attitudes towards himself and
the world around him, in restoring lost social contacts, in gaining experience
in family life. Corrective and rehabilitation work should be directed not only
to the child, but also to his family [6].
1.Makartycheva G.I.Correction of deviant
behavior.Trainings for teenagers and their parents.Moscow:Triksta,
2013.
2. Ovcharova R. V. Reference book by the social teacher. Moscow: Vlados, 2014.
3.Pavlenok P.D.,
RudnevaM.Ya.Social work with faces and
groups of deviant behavior.Moscow: Infra-M,2010.
4. Galaguzova M.A. Social pedagogics. Moscow: Vlados, 2012.
5. Homich A.V.
Psychology of deviant behavior. Rostov: Phoenix,2015.
6. Schneider L.B.
Deviant behavior of children and teenagers.
Moscow:Triksta, 2015