Филологические науки /Риторика и стилистика

Сейсенова Ж.Е.

Региональный социально – инновационный университет, Казахстан

Types of precedent texts

For the purpose of characterizing the object of our study - precedent texts in the English-speaking culture - they need to be typologized. It is known that the term typology (from the Greek typos - "imprint, shape, pattern" and logos - "word, the doctrine " ) means the division of systems of objects and their grouping with the help of the generalized model, or type. Typology used for the comparative study of essential attributes, relationships, functions relationships, levels of organization of the object, with the main form, the logic - the type, classification, systematization and taxonomy.

Precedent text is a complex entity, which is a subject to a variety of characteristics and attributes; therefore it is necessary to determine the basis for their typology. According to V.G. Gak, "any phenomenon, the existence of which types are studied, is characterized by many features, aspects, objects, its specific objective, and the different types can be distinguished with respect to each of these aspects . Therefore, a common typology for this phenomenon cannot be built, it will reflect only one - perhaps one of the most important - but only one side of the object. The first task of the typological analysis is, therefore, the establishment of " typology of typology", that is, identification of the various typological descriptions that can be created in relation to the object, and which is directly derived from the nature of the phenomenon under the study, reflecting the different aspects of it "[Gak, 1998 : 310 ] .

In order to be relevant to our study, some interesting typological classification is carried out by researchers D.B. Gudkov, V. Red, D.V. Bagaeva, I.V. Zakharenko; they had given their classifications of precedent phenomena, which are divided according to the researchers point of view into: the precedent text, the precedent statement, the precedent name and the precedent situation.

The precedent text is defined as " a complete and self-contained product of speech activity , is a (poly) predicative unit; complex sign, the sum of the components which are not equal in their meaning ; PT is familiar to any average member of the national- cultural community; from the cognitive point it includes invariant of its perception; the appeal to the PT is repeatedly renewed in the process of communication through the associated text of precedent statements or symbols " [ Red , Gudkov , Zakharenko, Bagaeva , 1997 : 64 ] .

The precedent statement is a reproducible product of speech activity; complete and self-contained unit, which may or may not be predicative; complex sign, the sum of the components is not equal to its meaning; in its cognitive base it includes the precedent statement as such; the precedent statement is repeatedly reproduced in the speech of native Russian language. Among the precedent statements there are quotations belonging to texts of various kinds, aphorisms, proverbs [ Red, Gudkov , Zakharenko, Bagaeva , 1997 : 65].

The precedent situation - a kind of " reference ", " ideal" situation related with certain connotations which already had been experienced in the last or it is a man-made virtual reality of art; in cognitive base it includes a set of distinctive features of the precedent situation, the precedent situation’s meaning can be the precedent statement or the name of the precedent, and not a precedent phenomenon.

The precedent name – is the individual name , or associated with a well-known text, usually related to the number of case or situation , a well-known native speakers and serving as a precedent (Hamlet, Othello), the name of the symbol , indicating a certain standard set of certain qualities (Cain, Samson) [ Gudkov , 2003 : 108].

It should be emphasized that each nation selects only the precedent texts that correspond to its moral values, outlook, world view and outlook of their nation. An important stage of the study is to appeal to precedent – spheres of sources: it is important to determine which areas (religion , folklore , literature, theater, politics , etc. ) are used in a given society as the main sources for the repertoire of precedent names, events, speeches and texts.

Y.N. Karaulov offers attributed to a number of precedent phenomena not only verbal texts, but also the names of musical works, works of architecture and painting, historical events and the names of political leaders, which in turn increases the number of possible areas for sources of precedent [Karaulov, 1996].

Somewhat later, as a source of precedent texts has been allocated an even wider range of source areas, including the Bible, ancient mythology, music, folklore, popular songs, and politics. When referring to other communicative discourses (advertising, media, social interaction), it is necessary to use a more detailed classification of areas of sources: political texts, science, sports, medicine and others. It appears that such working definitions of the sources of precedent phenomena do not apply for the classification of logical perfection: they are intended to help readers better to understand the major sources of precedent texts. On the other hand , it is necessary to emphasize the special nature of the precedent texts.

Literature:

1. Гак В. Г . Языковые преобразования . М.: Школа “ Языки русской культуры”, 1998. 768 с.

2. Караулов, Ю. Н. Роль прецедентных текстов в структуре и функционировании языковой личности / Ю. Н. Караулов // Научные традиции и новые направления в преподавании русского языка и литературы : доклады советской делегации на VI конгрессе МАПРЯЛ. - М., 1996.

3. Гудков Д.Б. Прецедентное имя. Проблемы денотации, сигнификации и коннотации // Лингвонаучные проблемы межкультурной коммуникации. М., 1997.- С. 116-129.