Филологические науки /Риторика и стилистика

Батырова Г.А.

Региональный социально – инновационный университет, Казахстан

Basic approaches to the research of the problems of dialogue

Dialogue in various forms has repeatedly drawn the attention of researchers , who addressed issues such as: the ratio of the dialogue , narration, and polylogue [ Shvedova 1960 : 280; Yakubinsky (1923) 1986 ; Bakhtin , 1996: 209; Yakovlev, 2004 ] , the interaction of the author's speech and the speech of the characters in prose and drama [ Strizhenko 1972 Nikonov, 195 ] , especially spontaneous speech and oral- spoken dialogue [ Dolinin 1973; Zemskaya 1973 ; Shiryaev 2001; Kibrik , 2004; Chitin , 2004; Podlesskikh , 2005; Sacks etc. 1974 ; Brown 1983; Stubbs 1983; Chafe 1987 ; Tomlin 1987 ] , regulatory tools and strategies in the dialogue [ Romanov 1990; Khidesheli 2006]. Meanwhile, the communicative structure of dialogue in the discourse ofliterary text , as far as we know, has not previously been the subject of a special study.

Perhaps this is due to the fact that the literary dialogue in a number of papers actually equates to a natural dialogue. For example, in studies of N.D. Arutнunova , T.A. Zhalaginoy , A. Romanov , A.N. Baranov and G.E. Kreydlin [ Arutyunova 1986; Zhalagina 1987 ; Romanov 1990; Baranov, 1992a ; Baranov 1992b] some common characteristics and features of dialogic communication - communicative focus in dialogical events [ Zhalagina 1987 ] , the phenomenon of dialogue citation [ Arutyunova 1986 ] , regulatory means dialogic communication [ Romanov 1990 ] - study material on dialogic dramatic works.

In modern linguistics, dialogue is the subject of such a branch of linguistics, as a theory of communication, pragmalinguistics, text linguistics, syntax, stylistics and socio- psycholinguistics. In the modern foreign linguistics there are three directions, exploring the dialogue: “proper analysis of dialogue” (conversation analysis); “Ethnography of speech” (ethnography of speaking); “the analysis of discourse” (discourse analysis) (D. Schiffrin; A. Duranti; D. Blakemore).

Consider the basic forms of speech, such as monologue, dialogue and polylogue .

Monologue is the scientific, business, in to a great extent a journalistic speech. Monologue is defined as a component of the literary text, which is a speech to himself or to others. Monologue is usually in the first person, not considered (as opposed to dialogue ) to have the response of the other person ( or persons ), having a certain compositional organization and semantically completed.

There are the following types of monologue:

• monologue - argument - containing inferences, lots of interrogative sentences , a statement of facts, a variety of designs that convey logical connection of phenomena: causal, conditional, concessive, describing;

• monologue- confession combines usually narrative forms of speech with the forms of reasoning;

• Internal monologue whose purpose - to express, to simulate the process of emotional and mental activity of a man, his "stream of consciousness". For such a monologue it is typical to have discontinuous speech, unfinished phrases, seemingly unrelated to each other syntactic structures. Monologues of this type may be expressed by strictly literary forms, but may also include not grammatically correct elements of designed utterances to show the work not only of consciousness , but also the subconscious.

Dialogue is a form of speech, which is characterized by a change of the statements of the two speakers. Each utterance is called a replica drawn to the partner. Dialogic speech – primarily, is a form of natural language in communication. If we keep in mind the household dialogues, it is usually a spontaneous speech, not ready in advance, not literary polished one.

The dialogue speech is characterized by a close relationship of the contents of the replicas, expressed most often in the question and answer form. Replicas can also be expressed by additions, explanations, distribution, consent, objection, and etc. Usually the exchange of remarks is based on familiar to interlocutor's situation and their general knowledge.

In fiction, journalism dialogues appear as bright stylistic devices, means of revival of the story. Polylogue - a conversation between several persons. Polylogue in principle is not opposed to dialogue. The common and important for both concepts are the names, and the sequence of speaking and listening. The amount of speaking people (more than two) does not change this principle. Polylogue is a form of natural conversational speech, in which several speakers, such as family conversation, feast, group discussion on some topics is taking place (political event, a performance - whether a literary work, sports, and so on). General features of a dialogue are connectedness of replicas and constructions, spontaneity, and others. These features are brightly revealed in polylogue too. However, the formal and semantic relationship of replicas in a polylogue is more complex and is free: it ranges from the active participation of speakers in the general to the indifference to the conversation (for example, the eloquent silence) some of them.

So, in traditional linguistics dialogic speech is always opposed to the monologue with the release of their distinctive features. Dialogue was defined as a form of speech, at which the direct exchange of statements between the two parties is practiced.

Literature:

1. Сухих С. А. Организация диалога / С. А. Сухих // Языковое общение: единицы и регулятивы/ Межвузовский сборник научных трудов. Калинин: Изд-во КГУ, 1987. - С. 95-102.

2. Теплицкая, Н. И. Некоторые проблемы диалогического текста: дис. . канд. филол. наук 10.02.19 / Теплицкая Наталья Игоревна; МГПИИЯ им. Мориса Тореза. М., 1974. - 253 с.

3. Шамиева Р.Х., Речевое поведение персонажей в драматургических произведениях, Баку, 1991.