Zosimova Z. S.
Teacher
Kharkov National University of Economics
CRISIS - ENTERPRISE
The market
economy is characterized by dynamism of internal and external environment. The
acceleration of technological progress has created the need and conditions for
almost a continuous process of change in technology, technology, organization
of production. Given the instability of the external and internal environment
of the production must objectively seeking to attain and maintain their
effectiveness.
Business
activities that constitute its foundation, is inherently risky activities
associated with the search for and implementation of innovations in an unstable
environment.
Considering
the market economy must be understood that there is a relationship of profit
and risk. Effective regulation of its entrepreneur is either a winner or a
loser [1].
Development
of factors of production are now reflected in increasing their creativity,
innovation and information components. Accordingly, the modern enterprise
development based on innovation due to the increasing uncertainty and risk.
In these
circumstances, one of the most important strategic and tactical problems of
modern management is the identification and prevention of the negative impact
of changes in factors external and internal environment, preventing the
achievement of planned economic and social performance [1].
This problem
can be formulated as minimizing the damage from the adverse effects of crises
and exit while maintaining or increasing the company's competitiveness.
Crises, is
the threat of loss and survival of the company, usually develop over time and
their occurrence can be anticipated to some extent.
Obviously,
the ability to withstand the crisis depends on the quality of management, the
state of the corporate finance, from its organizational and technical
parameters.
These
abilities can be described by the term "crisis-resistant."
The term
"crisis-resistant 'means the preservation of business, out of the crisis
with minimal losses .
We can assume
that the solution to this problem is possible by timely, adequate, relevant and
emerging threats to the enterprise resource potential, innovative development.
To innovation
in terms of instability has been effective in achieving the desired strategic
and tactical goals they need to clearly articulating and structuring. Necessary
to provide a theoretical basis and a formalization of this task. Need to
develop a methodology and design techniques to find optimal ways to achieve
business and crisis.
Economic
growth observed in Russia in recent years, to a great extent, connected with
foreign economic conditions, and not with the internal positive changes and is
on the wane. This suggests that the inner impulses that stimulate economic
growth, are very weak and require appropriate policies and support.
The
efficiency of the economy to a great extent influenced by the state of assets
industry. The increase in fixed assets by 2.3% during 2000 - 2006 has increased
their rate of update from 1.4% in 2000 to 3.4% in 2006. At the same time, this
increase was accompanied by a constant increase in the degree of physical wear
and tear from 42.4% in 2000 to 45.4% in 2006 [1].
In recent
years, Ukraine is growing at the expense of the old load capacity. In Ukraine
today, there is an intensive process of "aging" of the capital.
One of the
main reasons for the low level in Ukraine is a high degree of wear and tear of
equipment associated with significant lag in productivity. Since the average
level of labor in the country as a whole is 17% of the U.S. level. The lowest
rate in engineering - 6%, and the highest - in the mining resources - 22%.
The country
has seen the need to update the fixed assets on the basis of innovation. In
accordance with this for 2000-2003. saw an increase in domestic spending on
research and development, at the same time in 2004-2005. These costs have
decreased. This is to some extent contributed to the growth in the number of
advanced technologies used in the economy [2].
Highly
negative is the fact that most managers do not perceive modernization as the
introduction of radical innovations, but as a kind of "patchwork".
Replacement and repair of equipment - this is due, above all, the aging of
fixed assets.
Analysis of
the state of Ukraine’s economy and the dynamics of its indices is lagging economy
on a world level. Deteriorating economic performance of the economy in 2008 is
largely due to the advent of the economic crisis. He touched on about 80% of
domestic enterprises.
Currently,
the country is just beginning to emerge from the crisis and to restore its
pre-crisis economic situation. Modern innovation in has no impact on the
socio-economic development. Analysis of the state of innovation and investment
in Ukraine has shown that it currently does not provide the needs of the
economy in innovative renewal and restructuring of assets[2].
Development
of the economy should be based on innovation, implementing and developing
modern scientific and technological progress.
The need to activate innovation and investment companies with a significant wear
and tear of fixed assets, the instability of the environment and the threat of
crisis. The crisis is caused by changes in the external and internal
environment, significantly worsening the technical and economic parameters of
the companies they lead to losses and bankruptcy.
From the
point of view of sociologists crisis - a negative phenomenon, which leads to a
decrease in the stability of the company, worsening social conditions of its
employees and leading to social tension in the community and society.
It is obvious
that the economic crisis can be viewed as a process of emergence, growth,
mismatch of different elements.
The impact of
adverse factors, giving rise to a crisis for the company, is in time, and its
intensity from beginning to end of the process varies. The success of the
anti-crisis impact on the enterprise depends on the early detection of the
start of the process.
Crisis is a
situation in which the company does not have time to adapt to changes in the
external environment and lose profitability.
Obviously,
the need to protect against such dangers should arise before its appearance,
the crisis.
Leads to a
crisis on the one hand the lack of innovation activity, and on the other hand
excessive investment with a long payback period.
Development
of socio-economic system is cyclical, and at each stage of which may cause a
crisis.
The
enterprise should monitor their own development trends of crisis situations and
to take appropriate steps to prevent the crisis.
Analysis of
the different points of view on the crisis leads to the following conclusions:
1.Crisis is an objective stage of economic development;
2.It causes the imbalance of social and economic systems;
3. This imbalance can occur both on the elements of social and economic system,
and in their various combinations.
To overcome
the crisis of socio-economic, production systems need to evolve in order to
ensure the compatibility of environmental parameters on a new level.
Obviously,
this process can occur spontaneously, but at the same time it is necessary to
study and control.
It should be
recognized that the timely response to the dangers of the environment and
possible to overcome them on the basis of innovation to minimize emerging
crisis situation and get out of them, while maintaining and increasing
competitiveness.
Unplanned
change the internal and external environment cause the so-called crisis,
adverse results of operations, and can lead to bankruptcy.
Management
companies should be prepared to neutralize the negative factors of macro and
micro environment, to reduce the damage from possible force majeure.
Formation of
context management solutions to the crisis is the task of crisis management.
Crisis management is focused on the resolution of the problem suddenly, to
addressing and overcoming adversity and its consequences.
Crisis
management system in the company is part of the control system and includes
providing and functional parts. The first consists of subsystems of
organizational, procedural, regulatory and legal support. Combines the
functions of the functional part of crisis management and a range of economic
and organizational methods to tackle problems diagnostics companies control and
timely anticipate and prevent the impending crisis, financial recovery and
overcome the state of insolvency.
The main
tasks of crisis management are:
forecasting the crisis; analysis of the possible impact of the crisis on the
activities of the company; develop methods to counteract the negative effects
of crisis situations.
Development
of measures for an honorable way out of the crisis, and to preserve and enhance
the competitiveness of the enterprise [1].
Innovative
activity plays an important role in crisis management. That it allows
businesses to counteract the adverse effects of the internal and external
environment. At the same time it is a risky activity, and improper conduct may
lead the company to bankruptcy.
Problems of
using innovation to improve the efficiency of the company to ensure its
sustainable development and overcoming the crisis a number of papers.
It can be
expressed in the change of product, service, process, new approaches to the
organization of the management structure of socio-economic system. The main
reasons for the creation of innovations are: the scientific and technological
progress, the requirements for a change of technology, increased competition
new or changed customer needs, the emergence of new segments international
economic relations.
Strengths and
weaknesses of the company are relative and are related to the production
potential of the enterprise, its financial situation, with the strengths and
weaknesses of the competitors, with the state and dynamics of the environment.
The current
state of the national economy of Ukraine is characterized by high moral and
physical wear and tear of fixed assets, low productivity, low competitiveness
of domestic industry.
To overcome
the growing backlog of Ukraine the economy from the advanced industrial
countries must step up innovation country. As the global economic crisis and
local economic crisis, countries and businesses are an objective stage of
development and to its emergence and neutralize its effects must be approached
in a scientific manner.
Crisis
management can solve a number of problems in the management of the enterprise
crisis and is aimed primarily at efforts to resolve the crisis. Analysis of
existing works in the field of crisis management has shown that it is necessary
to develop the concept of crisis prevention through the development of
"active anti-crisis strategy. Currently single, conceptual and
methodological approach to systems management processes of formation of the
company and crisis is not, and this problem needs to be addressed.
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Liiterature |
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1. Антикризисное
управление: теория, практика, инфраструктура / под ред. Александрова Г.А. – М.:
БЕК, 2002.
2. Фомин Я.В.
Диагностика кризисного состояния предприятия. – М.: ЮНИТИ-ДАНА, 2003.