Fedorchenko B.S.

National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine

Analysis of the state and prospects of development of bioenergy potential of agricultural enterprises in Ukraine

The paper analyzes the actuality of biofuel production in Ukraine. Possible ways of improving energy security.

Keywords: bioenergy, renewable energy sources, biodiesel, bioethanol, biogas.

Problem. Increasing the price of oil, natural gas, increasing environmental problems associated with the use of mineral fuels - all this was an incentive to review the strategy of economic development. In this regard, more measures aimed at finding alternative forms of energy, which in agriculture is biological resources. Of the possible production of heat, electricity, and clean motor biofuels (biodiesel, bioethanol, biometanol, biobutanol). One of the main advantages of biological resources is that they create the conditions for economic growth and the associated increase in energy consumption (1-2% annually) without destroying the environment. Therefore, one of the major challenges to progress in the modern world, is to ensure the country's energy resources and renewable energy.

Analysis of recent research and publications. Problems and perspectives of biogas as an alternative energy source such engaged researchers and scientists as Kaletnik GM, Wednesday LP, Geletukha GG, Demchak IM, Dolinsky AA, TA Zhelyezna ., Zhovmir MM, Kernasyuk Y., Kobets MI Konenchenkov AE, Kuznetsov AV, VM forester and others. However, this subject is so topical that require a global system research.

The aim of the article is to study the prospects and problems of biofuels as an alternative source of energy on farms.

Studies. Over the past seven years in the dynamics of production of hydrocarbons, including oil and gas, we observe a decline in crude oil in 2011 to 22.6% in comparison with 2005. If we compare the production of natural gas, we can see that from 2005 to 2010, production grew, and has since 2011 returned to that of 2005. This is due to the fact that in the period from 2005 to 2010 were explored and extracted new reserves of natural gas. But already in 2011, and further reduced volume of these stocks, and consumption is steadily increasing. According to the State Statistics for January-December 2010 imports of crude oil or petroleum products was 37% more than in January-December 2011 while the import of petroleum gases and other gaseous hydrocarbons in the state from January to December 2011 increased by 21% Compared to the same period in 2010. According to the table. 1.1 we can see that in agriculture diesel fuel consumption in 2011 increased by 8.9%, while reducing gasoline consumption by 22.8%.

Table 1.1

Use of fuel in the agricultural sector of Ukraine

Indicator	2008	2009	2010	2011	2011 to 2008, %
Used in agriculture, tons
diesel	1239	1337,3	1224	1349,8	108,94
Gasoline	288,5	216	231,6	224,5	77,82
Per 1 ha of agricultural land, kg
diesel	30	32	29	32	106,67
Gasoline	7	5	5	5	71,43
% Of total consumption in Ukraine
diesel	19,9	21,5	21,6	22,1
Gasoline	5,7	4,6	5	5,1

So, every year in Ukraine steadily diminishing fossil fuel resources of its own, so to satisfy its energy needs country will have more and more imported oil and natural gas, leading to an outflow of funds from the country. In this regard, it is suggested to pay more attention to renewable energy, including bioenergy should take the lead, because at present there is only one alternative to oil is bioethanol and biodiesel, and natural gas - biogas.

One of the main advantages of biological fuels is that they create the conditions for economic growth and the associated increase in energy consumption (1-2% annually) without destroying the environment. Emissions of carbon dioxide resulting from the combustion of any biofuels, ie fuels derived from waste materials or biogenic origin, the minimum and the Kyoto Protocol are not counted. Therefore, biofuel refers to CO-energy neutral species and is not considered a polluter of the atmosphere.

Bioenergy is a new technology that require mass adoption in the energy balance of new fuels serious political and economic support from the state. Biomass, which accumulates solar energy in the form of carbohydrates of plant origin, is a feedstock for the production of biofuels in the solid, liquid and gaseous form.

Bioenergy development in Ukraine is very relevant government objective to reduce energy dependence of agricultural production, providing the animal feed protein and creating more jobs. Given the available labor, material and land resources can say that there are all necessary conditions for the development of bioenergy potential. According to the State Agency of Land Resources stock of land a few years significantly changed.

Agricultural land in 2012 increased by 2.7% compared with 2008 and amounted to 70.9% of the total area of Ukraine, forests and wooded areas - 0.5%, built-up land - at 1.9% of open wetlands - 0.4% area covered with surface waters - on 0,05%. Decreased area of open land without vegetation or with little vegetation at 1.5%, and other lands, mainly in dry open land with special vegetation and grasslands, at 98.6%. Growth of agricultural land and forests and wooded areas held by plowing meadows and dry lands special vegetation and afforestation of land without vegetation. The basis of comparison is taken in 2008, because it is from January of this year, grown agricultural products for energy use on land that changed a specific purpose can not comply with the EU on the sustainability of biofuels and raw materials used for its production. Since enterprises by January 2008 had the status of agricultural land as primary forest and other wooded areas with biological species without apparent human intervention and undisturbed ecological processes; territory, defined by law as protected or conservation areas in accordance with international agreements, except cases provide evidence that the cultivation of raw materials is contrary to the stated objectives of conservation and ecosystems, grasslands with high biodiversity (natural or unnatural), wetlands (areas covered or saturated by water permanently or for a considerable part of the year), wooded area (area , an area of more than 1 hectare with trees higher than 5 m and canopy cover of more than 30%, or trees that are able to reach those thresholds in place) an area of more than 1 hectare with trees higher than 5 meters from the canopy cover from 10% to 30 % or trees able to reach those thresholds in place, except to provide evidence that carbon stocks before and after land use change are those in which the requirements to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, peat, except to provide evidence that cultivation and harvesting of raw materials does not drain previously dried soil, can not get a certificate of biofuels harmonious with the environment and to export to the EU as a raw material for the production of biofuels and biofuel it. With this in mind, the cultivation of energy crops on agricultural land should pay attention to whether or not changed the purpose of this section with the above examples, as biofuels made from products grown in these areas will not be considered harmonious with the environment. Therefore, for effective management of bioenergy potential to generate such information and analytical support, which would include a set of data that would provide comprehensive information to internal and external users on the status of agricultural land and agrochemical condition, location of biomass duty rotation, the number of chemical and organic fertilizers and measures undertaken to preserve the natural fertility of the soil, erosion protection and preservation bio.

Thus, we can conclude that Ukraine provided land not only to provide the population with food, but also for the use of agricultural land for the production of biological fuels. Plow agricultural land is nearly 76% and 57% of the country's territory, which is the highest in the world.

Since Ukraine is an intensive agricultural land use, it results in the reduction of soil fertility due to their, loss lumpy-granular structure, permeability and aeration capacity of all environmental impacts. Thus, when grown energy crops to reduce the load on the ground and ensure the return of nutrients. This is possible due to the formation of an effective crop rotation, application of organic and mineral fertilizers, and energy crops grown in areas that are suitable to them by climatic, agro-ecological conditions. Therefore, efficient use of land resources and bioenergy potential in Ukraine is very relevant question.

Another one of the options for reducing energy dependence of the country is the production of main crop production fuel for petrol and diesel engines. Currently alternative substitute for gasoline and diesel fuel is bioethanol and biodiesel.

According to leading scientists of our country's most promising energy crops for ethanol production - corn and sugar beets, for biodiesel - sunflower, soybean, rapeseed [158, 1.13]. In this regard, every year increasing acreage of cereals, legumes and industrial crops. Over the past 11 years, the area crops increased by 77%, cereals and pulses by 15%, despite the fact that the area of fodder crops and vegetables decreased by 75 and 11%, respectively.

Among the crops most inclined to increase acreage and yield showed corn. Therefore, in our opinion, the main crop for ethanol production should be considered with it. Despite the fact that the output of fuel from 1t sugar beet almost 2 times greater than 1t of maize, its use is for energy purposes does not violate the country's food security, because in 2011 the production of 18,740 t of sugar beet and sugar yield 12 , 98%, and the consumption of 1758.3 thousand tons of sugar a year, the country has provided domestic sugar consumption is only 102%, which is a low figure. Another advantage of using corn for energy purposes is that it will provide a return of nutrients from plant remains regarding the removal of their harvest more than sugar beets. According to VS Chumak, IF Sokruty corn plant remains returned to the soil nutrients N - 33% P2O5 - 29.3% K2O - 42.2%, and sugar beets only 20.6%, 18.1%, 11.8%, respectively . Advantages of using the same corn for energy purposes include relatively steady increase its yield relative to the yield of sugar beet, ruggedness to the climatic conditions and the use of corn stalks for burning in boilers as an alternative substitute for natural gas.

Currently, the production of ethanol from corn in Ukraine is under development. Farmers focused on the use of corn as a commodity product, claiming that the production of biological fuel inefficient. But calculations show that the profitability of bioethanol almost 3 times greater than the return on the use of corn as a commodity product.

Experience shows that when a high yield of grain price in the domestic and global markets may decline dramatically, even without reimbursing the cost of its cultivation and the use of corn to produce bioethanol provide reducing gasoline imports into the country, as well as increase the number of jobs. The use of corn stalks for energy purposes will save on buying natural gas. Note also the factor that increases every year brought nutrients from the soil because of the byproducts of corn to keep in powdered form on the field during harvesting. This will increase revenues in soil organic fertilizer, and decrease annual exhaustion of arable land.

Growing oilseeds and biodiesel in the near future will solve energy problems existing in the country. The value of biodiesel is its ecological purity and opportunity to receive it from renewable raw materials. In vivo and biodiesel oil from rape neutralized by microorganisms within 7-8 days in 95%, and conventional oil - 16%. Esterification rapeseed oil for biodiesel will not only provide farmers with the necessary fuel but also improve the environmental situation in the country. Moreover, rape is a renewable and almost unlimited resource update which is exposed to direct control. In addition to rape, can also produce biodiesel from sunflower seeds and soybeans. According to the data given in the literature, technically available potential production of biodiesel from rapeseed, sunflower and soybean in Ukraine is over 37.6 TWh / year. This requires space for growing plant material about 65,500 km ², of which it is possible to get 3.6 million tons / year of biodiesel. Most of the leading local scientists, based on agro-ecological conditions of our country, believe that the most promising crop for biofuel production in Ukraine is just rape.

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