Ph.D.,
associate Professor Sleptsova I.F.
Academy
of social management, Russia
Modern
tendencies of development of pre-school education
In conditions of
a «multifaceted» modern pre-school education there has been a tendency to
implement a strategic direction of activity of the given system. And this is
connected with the introduction of Federal state requirements (FGT) to the
structure of the basic General educational programs of preschool education.
In 1996 The
Ministry of education of the Russian Federation was defined set of requirements
in the sphere of pre-school education, as reflected in the development and
approval of Temporary requirements to the content and methods of education and
training, implemented in the DOW.
It was supposed,
that the Time or the approximate requirements will be valid until the
introduction of the state educational standard in the field of preschool
education. However, in the near time the state educational standard for
pre-school education will not, because its introduction contrary to the age
peculiarities of mental development of children of preschool age.
In 2008 Ministry
of education and science of the Russian Federation in the framework of the
Federal target program of education development for 2006-2010 was developed
conceptual basis for the definition of Federal state requirements (FGT) to the
structure of the basic General educational programs of preschool education, the
project FGT.
It should be
noted that in the history of the Russian pre-school education there is no
experience with the development and approval of the state educational standard
and the FGT.
Thus, to replace
the Temporary requirements came FGT, which should be reviewed periodically and
be not less than once in 10 years.
Federal state
requirements (FGT) determine the structure of the basic General educational
programs of preschool education, the conditions of its implementation and the
results of the development of the programme.
FGT to the
structure of the basic General educational programs of preschool education
approved by order of the Ministry of education and science of the Russian
Federation of November 23, 2009 ¹ 655. While in the RF Law «On education» (p.
4, art. 7) the structure of the basic educational programs refers to the ratio
and the amount of their parts, the ratio of compulsory part of the basic
General educational programs of preschool education and parts, formed by the
participants of educational process.
Often you hear
that the Federal government requirements is called «the state educational
standard of pre-school education». To understand the difference between
«claims» and «standards», you should compare the structure, which is the
Federal state educational standard (GEF) and the Federal state requirements
(FGT). So, the GEF General education and other levels of continuous system of
the Russian education includes 3 groups of requirements:
1) FGT to the
structure of the basic educational programs
2) FGT to the
conditions of their implementation
3) FGT to the
results of development programs.
It is necessary
to know that the system of pre-school education shall be established only 2
groups of Federal state requirements:
1) FGT to the
structure of the program;
2) FGT to the
conditions of its implementation.
In other words,
in the system of pre-school education there are no Federal requirements to the
results of development of the program. And it means, that speaking about the
FGT in relation to the preschool stage of education, " there is no and can
not be. And, so, about the standard of speech does not go. In this case it
would be more correct to say that the FGT - this is a program of
standardization of the content of pre-school education, and not the standard of
pre-school education.
The Ministry of
education and science of the Russian Federation in the FGT to the structure of the
program were included requirements to the final result of the development of
the programme. In connection with this in the FGT to the structure of the
programme of pre-school education is allocated a compulsory part of the
programme of any DOW is a «Planned results of development of children of the
basic General educational programs of pre-school education». It describes the
integrated quality, the child may acquire as a result of the program.
As regards the
planned results of the activity of pre-school institutions, the planned outcome
of the pre-school education - social portrait of a child of 7 years, has
mastered the basic General educational program. Under the «social portrait»
refers to the combination of integrative qualities, i.e. such system entities
who:
§ are formed in a child
process for the development of the programme;
§ contribute to solving
the child adequate to the age of tasks of life;
§ are indicators and
characterize the 3 areas of development - the personal, intellectual, physical.
Thus, the basic
tendencies of development of pre-school education are reflected in the
following major moments of the Federal state requirements.
Firstly, the FGT
determined the structure of the content of pre-school education.
She is
represented by 4 areas of activity, including the educational area.
Directions of
development of children's Educational region
1) the Physical
development of the Health, Physical culture
2)
Cognitive-verbal Knowledge, Communication, Reading fiction
3) Social and
personal Socialization, Labour, Security
4)
Artistic-aesthetic Music, Artistic creation
Secondly, the FGT
contain models of the ratio of the invariant and variable parts of the basic
General educational programs of preschool education.
The invariant
part of - an indispensable part of the basic General educational programs of
preschool education, which should be implemented in any DOW, a
state-accredited. This is the basis of pre-school education, which provides a
full transition of children to the next level of the system of continuous
education of the Russian Federation.
The invariant
part is formed by the participants of educational
process, the specific climatic, national, socio-economic and other conditions,
the species diversity of pre-school education.
The FGT establish
the requirements to the volume and the ratio of the parts of the basic General
educational programs of preschool education.
The ratio of
parts of the program the Volume of parts of the programme
An obligatory
part of the 80 %
Part of that is
formed by the participants of educational process 20 %
The ratio of the
components compulsory part of the Programme, presented in the form of
educational areas (in accordance with the principle of integration). Volume defined
the main objectives of psychological-pedagogical work on the implementation of
each educational field.
The ratio of the
components compulsory part of the Programme in the form of sections:
§ explanatory note,
§ organization of the
regime of the stay of children in educational institution
§ the content of the
psychological-pedagogical work on the development of children educational
areas,
§ the content of
correctional work,
§ planned results of
development programs, etc. The volume of submitted in the form of a description
of the requirements to each section.
In other words,
the FGT have several options for structuring a program that streamlines the
process of programme development and its further implementation, and involves a
wide variety of usage, under which, including, understood as a possibility for
the DOW to apply different programs (complete, partial, etc.).
Thirdly,
according to FGT General education program of preschool education is
implemented in 2 basic models of organization of the educational process.
The former
didactics FGT
Identified three
models of organization of the educational process:
1) educational
block (net of occupation);
2) unit of the
joint activities of adults and children;
3) the
independent activity of children.
There are two
models of the organization of the educational process:
1) unit of the
joint activities of adults and children;
2) the
self-activity of children.
This is
especially important to note that the training activities is possible only by
the implementation of the process of education with children 6-7 years.
Literature:
1. From birth to
school. The basic General educational program of pre-school education / Under
ed. N.E. Âåðàêñû, T.S.. Komarova, M.A. Vasilyeva. - M.: «Mosaic-a Synthesis», 2012. -
304 p.
2. Scientific
seminar «the Development of the DOW in the context of the FGT» (compilation of
materials on the results of the seminar) - http://pik100.ucoz.ru
3. Problems of
introduction of FGT and ways of their solution - www.sdo-journal.ru/
4. Federal state
requirements to the structure of the basic General educational programs of
preschool education - http://do.isiorao.ru