Lakhtin M

Lakhtin M.V.¹, Lakhtin V.M.¹, Afanasiev S.S.¹, Aleshkin V.A.¹,

Afanasiev M.S.², Korsun V.F.³

¹G.N. Gabrichevsky Research Institute for Epidemiology & Microbiology, Russia, ²I.M. Sechenov First Medical University, Russia, ³Institute of Phytotherapy, Russia
LECTINS AND THEIR SYSTEMS: DETECTION, VISUALIZATION AND COFUNCTIONING (RESULTS, APPROACHES AND CONCEPTIONS).

THE OVERVIEW OF OWN WORKS

Resume

Own works published mainly during last few years were summarized. Results indicate prospects of lectins in microanalyses and as antimicrobials.

Keywords: Lectins; Glycoconjugates; Antibodies; Systems; Assemblies; Fluorescence; Chemiluminescence; Biotope; Human

Introduction. Last five years further advanced interest to lectins (relative to glycoconjugates[GC]-recognizing proteins and their complexes) was demonstrated [1-9]. The aim of this work was to summarize own works on lectins of probiotic bacteria (LPB), lectin-like erythropoietin (EPO) systems and system of human complement С4 component.

Main Aspects of Lectins Studied

Lectins in Solutions [4-7, 9-16, 36-41] and on Solid Phases (LPB [12, 17-21]:

Phytolectins [21, 36-41], EPO [22-25] and С4 [8, 35]). Lectins reveal biosensor properties. They become more exposed at reactive sites, more active and selective in high dilutions (less than 1 mkg/ml) when refolding conditions of lectin molecules at low ionic forces are reached. Immobilized on hydrophobic surfaces, lectins and other (neighbour or not) polymers represent additionally purified preparations with increased selectivity of stereooriented sites towards soluble cofunctioning exoagents and/or endoagents (in cascades of neighbours). Some lectin forms are presented in lipid associated and soluble fractions.

Lectins as Fluorescent and [10, 11, 20] Chemiluminescent [17-19, 21-28] Probes. These properties are revealed at the level of registration of live imagine chemiluminescence and fluorescence of (glyco)peptides, molecular and supramolecular ingredients of lectins-involving compositions. In conditions of solid phase assemblies, lectins reveal increased contribution into long-wave fluorescence as well as chemiluminescence of lectin complexes become prolonged and stronger. Patterns of intrinsic lectin fluorescence (which is effective in the work dilutions) and delivery fluorescence (in complexes to natural fluorofores or Ru-containing dye) are significantly differed. Cofunctioning immobilized separated oxidoreductases and LPB is observed as antagonism in fluorescent/ chemiluminescent contribution (on the same blot: during solid phase assembling, between strains of probiotic consortium), LPB and GC (fluorescent monitoring forming highly molecular mass (latent) biosurfactants possessing step-by-step increasing protein centers; modulation of chemiluminescence in assemblies on the basis of EPO systems), oxidases and phytolectins (directed distribution of chemiluminescent patterns of protein systems on membrane). Fluorescence and chemiluminescence of assemblies involving lectins can serve models of cytokines-regulated solid phase gradients.

Active and Latent Lectins [5, 9, 10, 17]. According to chemiluminescent registration, immobilized lectins are active in work dilutions similarly to antibodies. Established work dilutions of solid phase LPB are up to 20, 000 times depending on GC type. Work dilutions were always at subcytoagglutinating levels. Established antimicrobial dilutions of soluble LPB are mostly effective at dilutions higher than 1,000 times. Effective lectin dilutions become higher in conditions of influencing microbial growth and massive destruction. Upon low dilutions lectin systems are in latent reversibly masked states (that allows simplified study of topography of ingredients within complexes). Lectin activity or activated lectin can be stabilized and supported with (bio)surfactants and surface active proteins of foam. It is useful to store active lectins (acidic LPB, EPO systems) in high dilutions in the presence of non-ionic detergents (approximately in 0.001% Tween). Establishment of lectin work dilutions, titres of agglutination/ precipitation or clot-dissolving activities are simple ways to study lectin-cofunctioning enzymes and their cascades which become exposed similarly and due to lectin activity monitoring. Upon lectin-induced biofilm storing, enzyme reactions detected include cross-linking biofilms by oxidoreductases (biofilm resuspension is partly possible), decreasing titers of clot-dissolving activities, partial prevention of cell biofilm/ massive/ associates degradation and lysis by hydrolases.

Lectins as Systems (new [21, 27, 28], major and minor [18, 19]), Net and Cascade Types [4-7, 9, 11, 16]. Multifunctionality of lectins is realized in acceptable systems of mutually related lectin active forms and their complexes (also of strain or as rational distribution of lectin systems between strains) which are contradictory to complementary systems of GC or GC-containing targets. In lectin (or GC) system each major or minor, aggregated/assembled or non-aggregated form of lectin (or GC) recognizes system of GC (or system of lectins). As a result, forming lectin-GC-coupled directed/vector nets takes place. New systems of LPB (on affinity to each of extended panel GC) and phytolectins are described. Cascade antimicrobial action of bifidobacterial lectins (earlier) and lactobacillar lectins (later) is established. Depending on strains, specia and genera, LPB are able to switch processes of development and degradation of microbial societies as well as to protect human immunity against microfungal proteolyses. Types of GC, in their turn, are able to switch functioning lectin systems. In the presence of hydrolases, lectin systems are able to increase pool of antimicrobials in media.

Lectins in Regulation of Assemblies [5, 18, 22-24] and Degradation [5, 9]. It was found layer-by-layer gradient distribution of lectin systems on hydrophobic pore surface (immobillon P) or not (polysterene): solid phase sorbed layers as protected and temporarely masked as in cases of LPB. Layer distribution was similar to protected and organized distribution of cell surface layers-associated lactobacillar lectin systems. Lectin-directed solid phase (polysterene) assembling molecules as well as assembling mixed gradients “LPB + human cells + fungal lectins” is determined by hydrophobicity and specificity of lectins as primary initiators and navigators (as in cases of assembling on the basis of LPB or EPO). GC protect lectins-containing activities in assemblies in different manner and extent. In assemblies GC mask functional sites, prolong storing, prevent oxidation, and serve a basis for creating new exposed activities.

Lectins as synergistic [14, 15, 21, 25, 28, 36-38] and symbiotic Factors [5, 11, 15, 16]; in Consortia [5, 9, 11, 14-16] and Biotope [9, 13, 14, 34]. Lectin systems are characterized as multisinergistic nets which are revealing as: cascade increasing antimicrobial actions of combinations of LPB types (bifidobacterial and lactobacillar, acidic and cationic, mixed): combinative actions of LPB and antibiotics, biosurfactants, other exopolymer substances, products of hydrolases actions, stress factors; cofunctioning directed systems of highly acidic phytooxidases and lower acidic phytolectins; rational distribution of systems of LPB, oxidoreductases and proteinases between Lactobacillus strains of probiotic consortium Acilact; capability to cofunction sinergistically together with probiotic bacterial populations and human protecting systems in biotopes (lectin imitation of properties of probiotics); advantages of lectins to transform, generate, transmit and direct portions of light within visible spectrum (emission of excitation energy in acceptor surroundings by antimicrobial LPB).

Lectins in Diagnostics [5, 20, 25, 34, 35], Prognostics [5, 9, 17-23, 25, 30, 32-35] and Algorithms [15, 16, 26, 29, 31, 33-35]. Lectin systems are more reactable and possess stronger changeable patterns of reply) compared to lectin system component. This advantage provides high diagnostic and prognostic potential of lectin systems using (LPB in typing probiotic bacteria and microfungi; discrimination of EPO preparations). Kinetic chemiluminescence of the same blotted lectin system reveals two and more diagnostic/ prognostic patterns which complete each other and increase reliability and reproducibility of arguments (on examples of two kinetic stop-moment pictures in analysis of patients sera 4-5 subisotypes of isotypes СB4 и C4A, [immune sandwich and/or GC]-assembling on the basis of EPO systems). The following approaches extend and make deeper possibilities of diagnostics and prognostics as well as development of optimal combinative antipathogen strategies:

algorithms of obtaining and analysis of blotted assembled patterns; using ranged evaluation of macrofunctions of consortia; evaluation of relationships between antimicrobial (symbiotic, consortial, taking into consideration antibiotics) and relatively pathogenic (microfungal) compartments of biotopes.

Conceptions of Biotope: Metabolic Multiknot Net. Previously widely accepted conception of biotope included biotope description as the fight of two contradictory potentially antagonistic compartments: positive (human own protection resources plus probiotic like microbes plus antibiotics) and negative (relatively pathogenic microbes). At present we have the data on advanced conception of “Multiknot biotope” as metabolic coupled net. Virtual functional knots are ordered into coupled net that reflects all possible relationships between strains or different microbial taxons (genera or species) in biotope. Evaluation of potentially antagonistic functioning relationships between representatives of probiotic and relatively pathogenic microbial compartments are of especial importance in keeping biotope healthy balance. Among such relationships in case of urogenital biotope, knot system “Probiotic-like genus Lactobacillus – Relatively pathogenic genus Candida” serve as biosensor to evaluate and calculate (using quantitative ranging analysis) biotope healthy buffer depth/ level of intrinsic resistance to diseases. As a result detecting the presence and species identification of Lactobacillus strains influencing metabolism of Candida (growth and early associates and biofilms forming) is possible. Important for prophylaxis and therapy completed such key knot includes leader regulator 1-3 strains from each compartment (lactobacillar strains influencing pool of Candida strains from the same biotope; Candida strains influencing pool of Lactobacillus from the same biotope), leader antibiotics (among panel participating in biotope events) which can regulate biotope taxonomic composition (for example, switching Candida species). Knowledge of key knots allow influencing biotope resistance by combinative actions with respect of knot elements such as leader strains and antibiotics, according to selected strategy.

Lectins on the Ways towards Pharmacology [5, 9, 13-17, 20, 22, 25, 30, 32-41]. Main targets studied are urogenital, rectal colon and skin biotopes. All aforementioned data indicate that lectins are useful biochemical complex preparations (liquid and solid phase, individual and system, combinative) possessing regulated and directed spectrum of multibiological activities. They are especially effective and selective in work highly diluted doses or concentrations (significantly less than titers of agglutinating/ precipitating activities) when refolding of molecules is reached. Compared to non-immobilized lectins in 0.85% NaCl solution (0.15 M NaCl as physiological solvent), the using solid phase lectin preparations reveal advantages of additional purification and separation status (elimination of inhibitors, mask agents, concurent low molecular mass factors), sterically more homogenic orientation (allows cluster type of increasing effectiveness; cofunctioning together with enzymes, fluorofores, synergistic and cascade involving neighbours if needed), increased temporary biocompatibility (granulated inert matrixes as carriers) and bioderadation if needed (rational prolongation against inactivation of exposed active sites with hydrolases of surroundings). Simplification of lectin system control highly sensitive microassays (exposed fluorofores as indicator potential for biorecognition, lectin-GC solid phase registration, cytoagglutination, precipitation, control of oxidoreductases/ hydrolases cofunctioning, clot-dissolving, directed assembling functional mixed cell-cytokine gradients in biofilms, destruction and lysis of biofilms) is additional advantage. Variants of delivery of lectin-containing preparations (depending on biotope type) can include micellar or liposome compositions, natural or artificial pore gels, latex particles (all are in possible combinations with other antimicrobial metabolites, probiotics, bioadditives, antibiotics, cytokines, vitamins, and/or reagents for chemotherapy).

Conclusions. Results indicate that lectin systems are perspective as additional synergistical reagents and cofactors in recognition and assembling: in diagnostics, prophylaxis and therapy, construction of bioadditives and system drugs as well as their delivery and realization in biotopes; in applications in medical immunology and bio(nano)technologhies, clinical microbiology and molecular pharmacology. Conceptions of controlled of dynamic states of resistant biotopes in organism and the ways of increasing biotope antipathogen resistance serve a basis for strategic individual patient planning steps before therapy, therapy, and post therapy (post surgery stabilization, acceleration of rehabilitation).

References:

1. Lakhtin M.V., Lakhtin V.M., Aleshkin V.A., Afanasiev S.S., Aleshkin A.V. [Lectins and Enzymes in Biology and Medicine (In Russian)]. Moscow: Dynasty, 2010: 496 pp. ISBN 978-5-98125-076-7

2. Lakhtin M.V., Lakhtin V.M., Aleshkin V.A. Lectin and enzyme relationships in microbiology // International Journal of Molecular and Clinical Microbiology. 2011. V. 1. P. 9 – 14.

ISSN : 2008-9171.

3. Lakhtin V.M., Lakhtin M.V., Aleshkin V.A. Lectins of Living Organisms // Anaerobe. 2011. V. 17. P. 452-455. doi: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2011.06.004.

4. Lakhtin M.V., Lakhtin V.M., Aleshkin V.A., Afanasiev S.S. Lectins of Beneficial Microbes: System Organization and Functional Superfamily // Beneficial Microbes. 2011. V. 2. P. 155–165. doi: 10.3920/BM2010.0014.

5. Lakhtin M.V., Aleshkin V.A., Lakhtin V.M., Afanasiev S.S., Pozhalostina L.V., Pospelova V.V. Probiotic Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterial Lectins against Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus Clinical Strains: New Class of Pathogen Biofilm Destructors // Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins. 2010. V. 2. P. 186–196. doi: 10.1007/s12602-010-9046-3

6. Lakhtin M.V., Lakhtin V.M., Aleshkin V.A., Afanasiev S.S., Korsun V.F. [Phyto- and Probiotic Lectins – Synergistic Antipathogens (in Russian)]. Praktitcheskaya Fitoterapiya (Moskva) [Practical Phytotherapy (Moscow)]. 2010. No 1. P. 5-11. ISBN5-88010-096-0

7. Lakhtin M.V., Lakhtin V.M., Aleshkin A.V., Bajrakova A.L., Afanasiev S.S., Aleshkin V.A. Lectin Systems Imitating Probiotics: Potential for Biotechnology and Medical Microbiology. // In: “Probiotics 2012”, ed. Everlon Cid Rigobelo. New York: InTech, 2012. P. 417–432. ISBN 978-953-51-0776-7. http://dx.doi.org/10/5772/3444.

8. Lakhtin M.V., Karaulov A.V., Lakhtin V.M., Aleshkin V.A., Afanasiev S.S., Nesvizhskii Yu.V., Afanasiev M.S., Voropaeva E.A., Aleshkin A.V. [Lectin – Glycoconjugate Systems in Human Organism (in Russian)] // Immunopatologiya, Allergologiya, Infektologiya (Moskva) [Immunopathology, Allergology, Infectology (Moscow)]. 2012. No 1. P. 27–36. ISSN 0236-297X.

9. Lakhtin V.M., Bajrakova A.L., Lakhtin M.V., Afanasiev S.S. Candida albicans: New Aspects of Patogenicity, Interaction to Antifungals, Biofilms and Preventive anti-Candida strategies - The Overview of Own Works. // In: ''Candida Albicans: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment Options'', ed. Leon A Dietrich and Tim S Friedmann. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2013: 145-152. ISBN: 978-1-62808-883-0(eBook). Library of Congress Control Number: 2013947024. ISBN: 978-1-62808-882-3. www.novapublishers.com

10. Lakhtin M.V., Shubin V.V., Lakhtin V.M., Afanasiev S.S. [Optical Properties of Lectins in Solutions: The Basis for Biorecognition (in Russian)] // At the Intersection of Disciplines. Physico-Chemical Series: Materials of the II International Internet-Conference (January 28, 2014, Kazan, Russia). 2 volumes. Kazan: Individual Business of Sinyaev D.N., 2014.Vol. 2. P. 20-25.

11. Lakhtin M.V., Afanasiev S.S., Lakhtin V.M., Aleshkin V.A., Afanasiev M.V. „Peptide Formulas of Cultural Fluids of Multistrain Consortium and Its Ingredient Strains of Gram Positive Bacteria (in Russian).“ Materiały X Międzynarodowej naukowi-praktycznej konferencji «Strategiczne pytania światowej nauki - 2014» Vol 28. P. 26-30. Nauk biologicznych. : Przemyśl. Nauka i studia, 2014. ISBN 978-966-8736-05-6

12. Lakhtin M.V., Lakhtin V.M., Afanasiev S.S., Afanasiev M.S. [Revealing Fluorofore Components of Gram Positive Bacterial Cultures on Hydrophobic Pore Surface (in Russian)] // Materiály X mezinárodní vědecko - praktická conference «Moderní vymoženosti vědy – 2014». - Díl 29: 57-61. Biologické vědy.: Praha. Publishing House «Education and Science», 2014.

ISBN 978-966-8736-05-6

13. Lakhtin M.V., Bajrakova A.L., Lakhtin V.M., Afanasiev S.S., Aleshkin V.A. [Lectins of Probiotics – New Class of Signal Molecules of Quarum Sensing (in Russian)] // Klinitcheskaya laboratornaya diagnostika (Moskva) [Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Moscow)]. 2012. No 9. P. 82-83. ISSN 0869-2084.

14. Lakhtin M.V., Bajrakova A.L., Lakhtin V.M., Aleshkin A.V., Afanasiev S.S., Aleshkin V.A. [Cofunctioning Lectins of Multicomponent Probiotic and Potential Probiotic Compartment of Biotope on the Example of Lactobacillus System (in Russian)] // Bulleten of Eastern-Siberian Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences Siberian Branch (ESSC RAMN SB). 2012. No 5, Part 1. P. 250-253. ISSN 1811-0649

15. Lakhtin V.M., Lakhtin M.V., Agapova Yu.V., Belikova Ye.V., Kulakova Yu.V., Afanasiev S.S., Aleshkin V.A. [Advantadges of the Probiotic Acilact compared to Ingredient Strains using Algorithmic Ranges of Qualities (in Russian)] // Materiały VIII Międzynarodowej naukowi-praktycznej konferencji «Naukowa przestrzeń Europy - 2012». Dil. 32. P. 50-57. Nauk biologicznych. Przemyśl: Nauka i studia, 2012. ISBN 978-966-8736-05-6

16. Lakhtin M.V., Kozlov L.V., Lakhtin V.M., Aleshkin V.A., Afanasiev S.S., Karaulov A.V., Nesvizhskii Yu.V., Bajrakova A.L., Voropaeva E.A., Afanasiev M.S., Bichucher A.M., Panurina R.L., Rubalskii Ye.O. [Protection of Human Potential Antibodies from Candida Clinical Strain Secret Proteolysis in the Presence of Lectins of Human Probiotic Bacteria (in Russian)] // Astrakhan Medical Journal. 2012. No 1. P. 63–68. ISSN 1992-6499

17. Lakhtin M.V., Afanasiev S.S., Lakhtin V.M., Aleshkin V.A. [Dot Blot Analysis of Glycoconjugates-binding Lectin Preparations isolated from Bacterial Cultures (in Russian)] // Materiały X Międzynarodowej naukowi-praktycznej konferencji «Kluczowe aspekty naukowej działalności - 2014» Vol. 16. P. 23-27. Nauk biologicznych. Fizyczna kultura i sport. Przemyśl: Nauka i studia, 2014. ISBN 978-966-8736-05-6

18. Lakhtin M.V., Afanasiev S.S., Lakhtin V.M., Aleshkin V.A. [New Glycoconjugates-recognozing Systems in Cultural Fluids of Perspective Probiotic Strains of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli] // Materiały IX Międzynarodowej naukowi-praktycznej konferencji «Wykształcenie i nauka bez granic - 2013» Vol. 37. P. 64-68. Nauk biologicznych. Przemyśl: Nauka i studia, 2013. ISBN 978-966-8736-05-6

19. Lakhtin M.V., Afanasiev S.S., Lakhtin V.M., Aleshkin V.A. [Glycoconjugates-recognizing Systems of Bacterial Cultures (in Russian)] // Materiały X Międzynarodowej naukowi-praktycznej konferencji «Kluczowe aspekty naukowej działalności - 2014» Vol. 16. P. 17-21. Nauk biologicznych. Fizyczna kultura i sport. Przemyśl: Nauka i studia, 2014. ISBN 978-966-8736-05-6

20. Lakhtin M.V., Lakhtin V.M., Aleshkin A.V., Afanasiev S.S. et al. [Exopolymers of Probiotic Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria: New Approaches and Features (in Russian)] // Bulleten of Eastern-Siberian Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences Siberian Branch (ESSC RAMN SB). 2012. No 5, Part 1. P. 257–261. ISSN 1811-0649

21. Lakhtin M.V., Lakhtin V.M., Aleshkin A.V., Afanasiev S.S., Korsun V.F. [Oxidases-containing and Glycoconjugates-binding Systems in Phytopreparations: identifided, purified, separated and immobilized Active Sensor Forms according to Data of Chemiluminescence] // Prakticheskaya Fitoterapiya (Moskva) [Practical Phytotherapy (Moscow)]. 2013. No 4. P. 4-9. ISBN 5-88010-096-0

22. Lakhtin M.V., Lakhtin V.M., Aleshkin V.A., Afanasiev S.S. [Protection Properties of Glycoconjugates of Active Cofunctioning Supramolecular Assemblies on the Basis of Multiple Forms of Protein Hormone: The Way towards New Antioxidant Minimal Systems of Marking Recombinant Human Erythropoietin (in Russian)] // Health and Education Millenium. 2013. №1-4. P. 176-178. p-ISSN 2226-7425

23. Lakhtin M.V., Lakhtin V.M., Afanasiev S.S., Aleshkin V.A. [Lectin-Glycoconjugate Interactions of Recombinant Human Erythropoietin: The Role of Glycosylation Sites in Protein (in Russian)] // Health and Education Millenium. 2013. №1-4. P. 376-378. p-ISSN 2226-7425

24. Lakhtin M.V., Bajrakova A.L., Lakhtin V.M., Aleshkin V.A., Afanasiev S.S. [Assembling EPO—Immune Sandwich(IS)—Glycoconjugate Sandwich(GS): Dot Correcting GS-modulation of Chemiluminescence of IS-revealling main forms of Human Recombinant EPO according to Principle „Target-in-Target (in Russian)] // Klinitcheskaya laboratornaya diagnostika (Moskva) [Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Moscow)]. 2013. No 9. P. 91. ISSN 0869-2084

25. Lakhtin M.V., Lakhtin V.M., Aleshkin V.A., Afanasiev S.S. [Recognition of Recombinant Human Protein Hormones with Glycoconjugates in New Diagnostic Regions possessing Low Sensitivity to Antibodies against Hormone (in Russian)] // Klinitcheskaya laboratornaya diagnostika (Moskva) [Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Moscow)] №9 (2013) 91-92.

ISSN 0869-2084

26. Lakhtin M.V., Afanasiev S.S., Lakhtin V.M., Aleshkin V.A. [Algorithms of Detection of Recombinant Erythropoietin, Typing Cytokine Using Pseudopolysaccharides (in Russian)] // Materials of the VIII International Conference “Molecular Diagnostics - 2014” (March 18-20, 2014, Moscow). Moscow, 2014. In press.

27. Lakhtin M.V., Lakhtin V.M., Aleshkin A.V., Afanasiev S.S., Aleshkin V.A. [Functional similarities and differences between new lectin systems in human organism: protein hormone and probiotic bacterial] // Glycoconjugate Journal. 2013. V. 30. P. 370.

28. Lakhtin M.V., Lakhtin V.M., Aleshkin A.V., Afanasiev S.S., Aleshkin V.A. [Differences and similarities between new probiotic bifidobacterial and lactobacillus lectin systems interacting to glycoconjugates] // Glycoconjugate Journal. 2013. V. 30. P. 375-376.

29. Lakhtin M.V., Afanasiev S.S., Lakhtin V.M., Aleshkin A.V., Aleshkin V.A., Korsun V.F.[New Enzyme and Lectin Approaches and Technologies for Development of Diagnostic Procedures (in Russian)] // Materials of the VIII International Conference “Molecular Diagnostics – 2014” (March 18-20, 2014, Moscow). Moscow, 2014. In press

30. Lakhtin M.V., Afanasiev S.S., Lakhtin V.M., Bajrakova A.L., Aleshkin V.A. [Lectins of Human Probiotic Bacteria Prevent Spreading mixed microbial Biofilms „Candida + Aspergillus“ of fungal Strains from Urogenital Human Biotope (in Russian)] // Uspekhi Meditsinskoi Mikologii (Moskva) [Progress in Medical Mycology (Moscow)] 12 (2014): In press. ISBN 8-906062-09-3

31. Lakhtin M.V., Lakhtin V.M., Afanasiev S.S., Bajrakova A.L., Belikova Ye.V., Aleshkin A.V., Afanasiev M.S., Karaulov A.V. [Prognosis of relationships between probiotic-like bacteria, yeast-like fungi and antibiotics in population biotope (in Russian)] // Materiały X Międzynarodowej naukowi-praktycznej konferencji «Strategiczne pytania światowej nauki - 2014» Vol. 28. P. 37-42. Nauk biologicznych. : Przemyśl. Nauka i studia, 2014. ISBN 978-966-8736-05-6

32. Lakhtin M.V., Afanasiev S.S. Lakhtin V.M., Aleshkin V.A. [Prognosis of Survival and death of associates of microbial pathogens in the presence of probiotic Bacteria: Importance for Therapy (in Russian)] // Bulleten of Eastern-Siberian Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences Siberian Branch (ESSC RAMN SB). 2012. No 5, Part 1. P. 254–256.

ISSN 1811-0649

33. Lakhtin V.M., Bajrakova A.L., Lakhtin M.V., Afanasiev S.S., Aleshkin A.V., Aleshkin V.A. [Pattern Algorithm of Ranging Strains of interacted Microbiocenoses of Human Biotope Normoflora in Microcultures in the Presence of Associates, Growth and Biofilm Forming in Polysterene Micropanels: Revealing Leader Communicative Strains which regulate and order Microbiocenoses (in Russian)] // Materials of the Conference “Diagnostics and Prophylaxis of Infectious Diseases” (September 26-28, 2013, Novosibirsk). Novosibirsk: “Areal” Press, 2013: 14. ISBN 978-5-906587-03-9

34. Lakhtin V.M., Lakhtin M.V., Belikova Ye.V., Bajrakova A.L., Afanasiev S.S. [Evaluation of coupled Metabolomic Nets of Species and Strains of Biotope Lactobacillus and Candida: The Ways of increasing biotope resistance in the presence of Antibiotics (in Russian)] // Uspekhi Meditsinskoi Mikologii (Moskva) [Progress in Medical Mycology (Moscow)] 12 (2014): In Press. ISBN 8-906062-09-3

35. Lakhtin M.V., Kozlov L.V., Lakhtin V.M., Afanasiev S.S., Aleshkin V.A. [Algorithm of Complete Pattern Immunotyping System Component C4 of Human Complement of Patients for Prognosis of Protected Status of Organism and for Diagnostics of System Infectious, Allergenic and autoimmune pathologies (in Russian)] // Materials of the VIII International Conference “Molecular Diagnostics - 2014” (March 18-20, 2014, Moscow). Moscow, 2014. In press.

36. Lakhtin M.V., Lakhtin V.M., Aleshkin A.V., Bajrakova A.L., Afanasiev S.S., Aleshkin V.A., Korsun V.F. [Probiotic Lectins – Ingredients of Biopreparations, Bioadditives and Drug Forms (in Russian)] // Praktitcheskaya Fitoterapiya (Moskva) [Practical Phytotherapy (Moscow)]. 2012. No 1. P. 4-9. ISBN5-88010-096-0

37. Lakhtin M.V., Lakhtin V.M., Aleshkin A.V., Afanasiev S.S., Korsun V.F. [Lectin Probiotic Complexes in Composition of Dermatologic Procedures (in Russian)] // Materials of International Conference „Actual Problems of Dermatovenerology and Cosmetology“. Vitebsk: „Vitebsk State Medical University“ Press, 2013. P. 57-58.

38. Lakhtin M.V., Lakhtin V.M., Aleshkin A.V., Afanasiev S.S., Aleshkin V.A., Korsun V.F. [Antimicrobial Combinative Potential of Phyto- and Probiotic Metabolites for Construction of Ointment and Liquid Prophylaxis and Drug Forms for Treatment of Skin and Mucus Cavities (in Russian)] // Materials of International Conference „Actual Problems of Dermatovenerology and Cosmetology.“ Vitebsk: „Vitebsk State Medical University“ Press, 2013. P. 54-56.

39. Lakhtin M.V., Lakhtin V.M., Afanasiev S.S., Aleshkin A.V., Bajrakova A.L., Korsun V.F.[Antimicrobial Strategies based on Synergistic System Factors: Action of Preparations containing antimicrobial Probiotic Bacterial Lectins, Phytolectins, in Combination with Antibiotics, for Prophylaxis and Therapy (in Russian)] // Materials of the International Conference „Modern Problems of Biochemistry and Biotechnology.“ Ufa: „Bashkir State University“ Press, 2013.

P. 131-135. ISBN 978-5-7477-3307-7.

40. Lakhtin M.V., Afanasyev S.S., Lakhtin V.M., Bajrakova A.L., Aleshkin A.V., Korsun V.F. [Probiotic Lectins of Different Origin in Combinative Therapy (in Russian)] // Electronic Science & Education Vestnik “Health in XXI Century” (Moscow). 2013. No 3. P. 14-17. e-ISSN 2226-7417. URL: http://e-pubmed.org/isu15-3.html

41. Lakhtin V.M., Lakhtin M.V., Afanasiev S.S., Aleshkin V.A., Korsun V.F. Lectins of Probiotics in Chemotherapy of Cancer (in Russian)] // In: Proceedings of the VIII International Conference “Accompanying Phytoterapy in Oncology” (March 24-25, Moscow). Moscow, 2012. P. 153–157.