Современные информационные технологии/ 3. Программное обеспечение

Bulatova M.B.

Kostanay State University named after A. Baitursynov, Kazakhstan

Intelligent Information Systems

The modern economy is unthinkable without information. Thousand enterprises, millions of taxpayers trillions of rubles, registers of shareholders - all the information streams is necessary to evaluate, treat, draw the necessary conclusions, make the right decision.

Modern economist should be able to make informed decisions. For this purpose along with the traditional knowledge, such as the basics of management, the basics of foreign trade, banking, administration, taxation, must have information on the construction of information systems.

Intelligent technology is one of the last stages in the development of analytical technologies. Analytical techniques are methods which based on some models, algorithms , mathematical theorems and thanks to famous database, they estimate values of the unknown parameters and characteristics . The most simple example of analytical technology is the Pythagorean theorem , which allows the long side of a right triangle to determine the length of the third side. Another example are the methods by which the human brain processes information .

Analytical technologies needed primarily to make important decisions - managers , analysts , experts and consultants. The company's revenue is largely determined by the quality of these solutions - accuracy forecasts optimally chosen strategies. The most common analytical techniques are used in the following tasks : to predict exchange rates, commodity prices, demand , revenue , unemployment , the number of insurance claims , etc.

Usually for real-world problems of business and production there is no clear solution algorithms. Previously, leaders and experts solve such problems only on the basis of personal experience. With the help of modern analytical technologies different systems are built  in order to significantly improve the efficiency of solutions.

There are a lot of approaches and classifications of informational systems:

– granularity of tasks;

– automatical functions;

– the degree of automation implemented functions;

– the scope and nature of the use of information.

t is known that during people's training  there are a lot of different levels of subject teaching: play (memory), the solution of standard problems (skills and abilities), the decision of non-standard, creative tasks (knowledge, an active understanding).

Intelligence can manifest in different areas, but we will consider it as the ability of solving problems, because this area is typical manifestations of intelligence. Tasks are standard and nonstandard. For standard tasks, algorithms are  known. For non-standard, they are unknown. Therefore, the solution of the problem is a non-standard problem. The  "standard" concept is relative as " suspense ". it means that algorithm can be famous for some information or it could be not available in a certain time. That is why one of the tasks can be standard, the other is not. The way of solving problems or to develop an algorithm is to translate the problem of non-standard to standard discharge.

In mathematics and cybernetics problem is considered solved if known algorithm for its solution.

People used to think that this work is very creative, which существенно не формализуемой и requires the involvement of a man with his "natural" experience and intelligence. It should be noted that there is a technology of Inventive Problem Solving (TRIZ), which attempts, according to many experts, is quite successful, allowing some degree of formalized procedures for creative problem solving.

Considered intellectual tasks associated with the development of algorithms for solving previously unsolved problems of a certain type.

A distinctive feature and a major source of efficiency of algorithms is that they reduce the solution to a complex problem to a specific sequence rather simple or even basic tasks. As a result, the problem which is nor solved becomes solvable. Background information is input to the algorithm, at each step, it is converted in such a form is sent to the next step, resulting in the output of the algorithm is obtained information representing the solution of the problem. The algorithm can be executed by such a system which is capable to realize basic operations of the various steps of the algorithm.