History/ 2. General History

Orynbayeva K.E.

Kazakhstan, Kostanay State University named after A.Baitursynov

Modernization in education of Northern Kazakhstan of 20-30 of the XX century

Paramount question of a cultural revolution was large-scale campaign for elimination of illiteracy and introduction of general education. For this purpose in a basis of activity questions of expansion of a network of schools of 1 step and schools of the raised type, and also opening of points on illiteracy elimination were raised. Elimination of illiteracy was carried out by accelerated tempo. As a whole on the republic the campaign on the illiteracy, undertaken in May, 1929 under the special resolution of the Central Committee of All-Union Communist Party (bolsheviks), at first captured to half a million adults, and by 1936 allowed to tell already about 65% of the population, seized writing and arithmetics. In Northern Kazakhstan the company on illiteracy elimination was also actively developed. For example, in 1937 in the Kustanay area by results of the monthly report it was trained in the diploma through regional department of national education – 8246 people, through labor unions - 409 people. Besides, 11163 more people, were trained in the diploma on two above lines. Formation of new, more large-scale network of schools from the very beginning became complicated a problem of catastrophic shortage of shots. Before revolution such problem was solved at the expense of graduates of the senior classes of a pro-gymnasium and higher education institutions of the central regions of the country. Now, there was a problem of self-sufficiency by forces of pedagogical technical schools. But they covered only about 10% of requirement. Big complexity, for Kazakh педтехникума and the Kazakh schools application of the Arab alphabet made. Only in 1924 the outstanding representative of the Kazakh national intellectuals A. Baytursynov created new, meeting the requirements of day, osokbennost of the Kazakh speech, the alphabet. Its introduction went medlenkno. And in 1928 according to the decision of allied, local authorities transfer of national schools on Latin graphics began. It existed till 1940 when the present graphics constructed on the Russian alphabet began to work. These continuous changes in the alphabet considerably complicated development of written Kazakh language and complicated activity of schools and productivity of training in the Kazakh language. Along with schools the molokdy generation received general education preparation at factory apprenticeship (FA) schools, schools, on short-term courses though it only softened sharpness of problems, but didn't remove it. In it the period in Petropavlovsk and area 43 high schools already worked. They received shots of teachers from formed in 1937. Peter and Paul teacher's institute. Two its faculties - historical and natural and geographical, and since 1939 — faculties of physics and mathematicians prepared qualified personnel for schools. Already the first release — summer of 1939 — showed high quality of work of higher education institution.

From 83 graduates 24 gained an honors degree. Thanks to vigorous activity of teachers institute,pedagogical technical schools school groups of teachers quickly grew. For example, only for 1939-1940 the number of teachers increased by 520 people. The number of technical schools and совпартшкол, preparing shots for various branches of a national economy, cultural institutions and management reached two tens with the general contingent of nearly 5 thousand people. In the 30th in area technical schools functioned: meat - industrial, railway, land use planning, economical, veterinarkny, veterinary and zootechnical, construction, cooperative, agricultural, forest and 4 pedagogical. More than one thousand workers studied at seven FA schools. As practically in all educational institutions training was conducted in Russian, education and work on production required good knowledge of Russian. For this purpose on April 5, 1938 the postanovkleniye of the Central Election Commission and SNK Kazakh the Soviet Socialist Republic "About obligatory studying of Russian at the Kazakh schools" was accepted. However, in the decision there was no point on studying of the Kazakh language at the Russian school. It did process unilateral and reduced a role of the Kazakh school, narrowed scope of the Kazakh language. All this was expressed in a tendency to reduction of number national (first of all Kazakh) schools. So, in 1938 66 from them were transferred to programs of the Russian schools. In elimination of illiteracy were engaged a wide network of cultural and educational establishments - people's houses, clubs, reading rooms, red corners and red yurtas. At the beginning of the 20th in Petropavlovsk there were one Kazakh, two Tatar and 11 Russian libraries with insignificant book fund. In the 20th this fund replenished slowly and a certain level reached by the Great Patriotic War eve when only in regional library about 170 thousand volumes were.

Literature

1.GAKO, T. 31, D. 96, L.23.

2. GASKO, F.22, Op.1, 875, L. 357 . .

3.GASKO, T. 22, Op.1, 879, L.123.

4. State Kaz SSR in 20 years. – Page 7