History/ 2. General History

Koldybaeva S.S. - Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor

Kostanay State University named after A. Baitursynov

SOME PROBLEMS OF ETHNOGENESIS OF KAZAKH PEOPLE

As part of this work does not attempt to give another interpretation could Kazakh origin ie the fact that in the scientific literature as the concept of " ethnogenesis" . Rather, the main task to give an overview of the main conceptual approaches that have been established in the country's history in regard to the problem of the ethnogenesis of the Kazakh people . Undoubtedly , the problem of the origin of the Kazakh people, is one of the most significant current issues of Kazakhstan's historical science. Essentially it includes a whole range of organically related problems. Among them - finding the time and origin of the Kazakh people, a study on the time and origin of the ethnonym "Kazakh" , causes and chronology of the division of the Kazakh people to zhuzes as specific reflection Kazakh ethnogenesis. All these questions , being the prerogative of the historical sciences , requires the use of these various sciences - anthropology, comparative and historical linguistics , archeology, ethnography , ethnology, history methodology . Today, with all certainty it can be argued that in fact in the scientific and educational literature have established two basic conceptual approaches to the question of the origin of the Kazakhs. One traditionally called autochthonous formed local ethnocultural substrate and the second - the migration , the essence of which is that the ancestors of the Kazakhs came later in the territory of Kazakhstan and have no connection with the ancient settlers of the region. Evaluating them , we can say that a reasonable and scientifically substantiated , in our opinion supports the concept of autochthonous origin of the Kazakh people . According to her , the sources ethnogenetic processes on the territory of Kazakhstan and Central Asia go back to the Bronze Age , which was confirmed by archeology and anthropology . The study of modern and ancient crania allow to establish connection ethnohistorical and genetic relationship with the Kazakh population of previous eras , including the Bronze Age .. Although, as pointed out by some researchers , the origins of the cultural and historical development of their roots to the Lower Paleolithic period [1, p.14- 17]. The Bronze Age in many provinces of Asia and Europe, was a turning point and served as a starting point and the starting point for the formation of ancient ethnic and linguistic communities . [2, s.274 ] . Add that there is a belief that the ancient inhabitants of the linguistic basis of the Bronze and Early Iron Age Kazakhstan was prototyukskaya linguistic community [2, s.276 ] . Overall, the results of paleontropologic studies allow to characterize the population of Kazakhstan Bronze Age evropoidnymi exclusively without any impurities eastern racial trunk. We must assume that in the Bronze Age ancient evropoidny substrate Kazakhstan was so powerful anthropological formation , which took place on the basis of further transforming gene pool of the ancient population of the province .

This, incidentally, is also confirmed by modern data on the presence of 70% of Mongoloid traits in modern Kazakhs [2, s.274 ] . Further evolution of the ethnogenesis of the Kazakh people , of course, connected with the largest ethno-linguistic events of antiquity and the early Middle Ages , with changeable economic forms , shifts in social relations and identity. Certainly an essential role in the formation of the Kazakh ethnic group has played an increasingly ethnic factor expressed certainty. Initially, given the characteristics of a nomadic life , which is based on extensive cattle, border ethnic settlement of our ancestors were not clearly expressed. In the course of ethnic consolidation and objectively necessary integration boundaries become more defined and stable. Ethno-political and economic factors contributed to the gradual formation of three major unions or union of tribes belonging to the Kazakh people and obschekazahskuyu inhabited territory. It is about zhuzah , which has long shared the Kazakhs . The question of when and why education zhuzes is not fully clarified and debated . In Soviet literature the problem of education Kazakh zhuzes not given serious attention. In various Arab , Oriental , Persian, Chinese , Turkish , Russian and Western European sources of the ethnic history of Kazakhstan XVI century and earlier , there is no mention of zhuzah , not speaking about the causes and nature of education zhuzes . Meanwhile , there are a range of issues requiring his research . Researchers of them pay attention to the study of issues of time and causes the formation zhuzes the relationship of ethnic processes and zhuzes dividing the territory of Kazakhstan . , Asking about the concept of " Horde ", the connection zhuzes division Kazakhstan with the trial system and the Saka period Mongol ulus and many others questions [3]. Source for the study of all these complex problems can be the ethnogenesis of the Kazakhs of famous Kazakh scientist Ch.Valihanova.On based on legends and traditions , believed that Kazakh zhuzes emerged in the XV - XVI centuries. According Ch.Valikhanov Large , Medium and Small Horde were one people - the Kazakhs . Inter certain methodological development of this problem may be the study Russian Orientalist V.V. Velyaminov – Zernov, I.G. Georgi, N.I. Grodekov, V.V. Bartold etc. Some researchers in the problem of the ethnogenesis of the Kazakhs pay attention to the question of origin and time of occurrence of the ethnonym "Kazakh" ( Cossack ) . Other researchers pay attention to the distinction between time and the appearance of the original semantic meaning of the ethnonym "Kazakh" and most of the origin of the Kazakh people Supporters second position refers to the fact that in relation to the population in the territory of Kazakhstan and other sources were used terms - ethnonyms : "Uzbek - Kazakh" " mogul ." In any case it is clear that the problem requires its comprehensive scientific research , given that the range of views expressed about the term - ethnonym "Kazakh" is very wide - from scientific hypotheses to mythologized questionable reasoning. In our opinion it is necessary to carefully handle such instructional techniques as an explanation of this name based on terminological coincidence with the name of the tribe. Excessive enthusiasm for this method can lead to a neglect of the system matches the historical and cultural character. Nevertheless , one can quite say that in Russian history ethnonym "Cossack" - has about a hundred different interpretations of the most common of which are " is a current chistkrovny Sak ", " proper saki ", " free ", " free ", " cut off from the genus "etc. Some researchers believe that this concept was originally meant social value and people separated from their tribe, clan . Others argue that the term from the outset had ethnic meaning and is connected with the tribes - the founders of the Kazakh state of the fifteenth century . In the literature there are different interpretations of the ethnonym "Kazakh" . According to researchers S.G.Klyashtorniy and T.I. Sultanov, one of the earliest mention of the word Cossack in Muslim sources can be found in to anonymous TÜRKSAM - Arabic dictionary compiled probably in Egypt ( 1245 - manuscript) and published in 1894 in Leiden, with a value of "homeless ." " Homeless ", " wanderer ." " Izgnanik ." Not having any political or ethnic content, word Cossack (with two uvyalyarnymi k) , according to researchers , refers to any free man , the breakaway from his people and nation . Hence the appearance of the word in the Russian language . Cossacks in Russia called people without a permanent residence , civilian laborers [4, p.250 ] . According A.Garkovets and A. Volodya ethnic Kazakhs name in its modern Kazakh pronunciation - Cossack, first mentioned in the Black Sea in 1308 in the Greek settlement near Sudak . This title is borrowed and Ukrainian Cossacks . And when the Cossacks of the Don, the Volga and the Black Sea , won Western Siberia began to settle on the Kazakh ethnic territory for differences Cossacks and Kazakhs became known last kaysakami , Kyrgyz or kaysak - Kirghiz, and later - the Kazakhs , although the Kazakh word Cossack through final letter X Say Never [5 , p.8 ] .

Thus, knowledge of the problems raised further research is needed scientists. None of them in the country's history to date can not be considered a final decision.

Literature:

1. Kozybaev M.K. Problems of methodology, historiography and source history of Kazakhstan. Selected Works. Almaty: " Gylym ", 2006. Pp.14 - 17.

2 . History of Kazakhstan v.2, Almaty , 1997 . Atamura with . 257-301 .

3 . Vostrov V.V., Muhanov M.S. Tribal structure of the Kazakhs and resettlement (late XIX - early XX centuries) . Alma- Ata : "Science" , 1968 .

4 . Klyashtorniy S.G., T.I. Sultanov Kazakhstan: chronicle three millennia. Alma- Ata: "Rauan" , 1992 . P.250 .

5 . Garkovets A., A. Kazak Volodya - Kazakh - Cossack / / Ukrainian news. 1994, № 3 , p.8 .