Toleshova M.T.-
senior teacher
Oskenbay A
–student group MMG-12-2k1
South Kazakhstan
State university named after M.Auezov.
Kazakhstan,
Shymkent.
The
role of oil and gas in our life
Today,
oil and gas play a huge role in our lives. Oil and gas are naturally
occurring fuels trapped in deposits deep beneath the earth’s surface. They were
formed millions of years ago, when the earth was almost entirely covered in
water, from the bodies of tiny sea creatures that decomposed under immense heat
and pressure.
There
are many unconventional resources of energy available to the human beings.
These natural resources include Water, air, sun, Oil and Natural Gases, other
hydrocarbons such as coal, Plant kingdom etc. All of these play an important
role in the life of the mankind. The replenishment of these is not possible.
Increasing consumption and demand of these resources has embarked a danger of
depletion of the reserves of such natural resources. Also, to maintain the
ecological balance and avoid the earth from global threat of the reserves being
exhausted, the need of this hour is to think and strive for the conservation of
these natural resources. Further, it is the known fact that energy cannot be
destroyed but transformed from one to another type. Electricity, another form
of energy which is generated by burning coal, gas etc. or by converting the
kinetic energy of water into electric energy. In other words, it can be said
that the natural resources are of utmost necessity and without these life is
miserable.
There are many
varieties and flavors of oil and gas investments. They include limited
partnerships, complex lease agreements, and general partnerships. Limited
partnerships involve the sale of partnership units to raise money for drilling
activities. The sponsoring company charges a fee for managing the project and
keeps a percentage of the revenue should there be any.
Investors are offered a large first year tax write-off
and quarterly cash distributions from the sale of whatever oil and gas found by
the partnership until the wells run dry. General partnerships can differ from
limited partnerships in a couple key ways. First, general partners sometimes
assist in the operations of
The
process of finding oil and gas is called exploration.
In the first step of the exploration process, scientists use geological
evidence to predict where oil and gas reservoirs might be found. Next, special
crews called seismic crews use advanced technology to more thoroughly examine
the prescribed areas. If the scientists’ predictions are verified, and it is
determined that the areas are sites of oil ans gas reservoirs worth tapping,
the next stage of petroleum production commences.
The
process of pulling oil and gas up from the ground is called extraction. In the
first step of the process, holes are drilled from the earth’s surface into oil
and gas reservoirs by drilling rig crews. Next, these wells are prepared for
production by service rig crews. Finally, once the oil wells are completed, oil
is pumped up from the ground by pump jacks and into huge tanks on site. The oil
from these tanks is collected regularly.
Every
one of us needs to begin to conserve on the use of petrol products. We need to
develop an energy conservation plan for ourselves beginning at the household
level. Start by identifying all the things we use that require petroleum
products, monitor the way we use them and begin to reduce our wastage of these
products.
Even if you do not consider yourself an
environmentalist, a little fuel conservation can really help not just the
environment, but also your wallet! The price of petrol seems to always be on
the rise. The best defense against rising prices is fuel conservation.
The
oil and gas industry is the major and most rapidly growing industry in
Kazakhstan. Oil and gas revenue accounts for a significant part of Kazakhstan's
GDP, its Budget and foreign trade receipts. Kazakhstan holds vast hydrocarbon
reserves, including potentially the third largest oil reserves in the world,
following Saudi Arabia and Iraq. Proven sea and land hydrocarbon reserves of
Kazakhstan are estimated at about 30 billion barrels. About 70% of those
reserves are located in the west of Kazakhstan and a considerable majority of
them are associated with salt deposits at the depth of more than 5000 metres.
Potential oil reserves of Kazakhstan (located mainly in the Caspian Sea region)
are estimated at 60 billion barrels.
Gas
industry has been transformed from centralized state-owned organization into
fragmented free market enterprise which has abruptly increased its pull of
investments and let Kazakhstan to become a leader in terms of its estimated
quantity of carbohydrates deposits not only among post-Soviet states but also
among major oil producing nations. On Kazakhstani national territory are
present virtually all the major companies in the world carbohydrate business.
Kazakhstan holds the largest proven oil reserves in Caspian region. According
to statistical data carbohydrate reserves confirmed by British Petroleum on
land and continental shelf are estimated within 5.5 bin tones or 39.8 bin
barrels.
Bibliography
1.
http://www.fraudguides.com/
2.
Áàñíèåâ Ê.Ñ., Äìèòðèåâ Í.Ì., Ðîçåíáåðã Ã.Ä. «Íåôòåãàçîâàÿ ãèäðîìåõàíèêà», Ì., Íåäðà, 2005.
3. 3. Åâãåíüåâ
À.Å. Ãèäðàâëè÷åñêèé ðàñ÷åò ñëîæíûõ òðóáîïðîâîäîâ, Ì., ÌÈÍÕ è ÃÏ, 1975.