Ph.D.
Korokoshko J.V., Rosseeva T.V
Mordovian State
University named after N.P. Ogarev,
Russia
Scientific
views on innovation policy of enterprises
Nowadays, the priority
of the Russian economy is its transition to
an innovative development. The increase
of output is becoming possible due to developing and using innovations
as well as to their rapid spreading. The implementation of
innovative decisions is a prime mover for a technological and economic
development of the country. Creating an enabling environment for innovative activities is the major task of
State governmental authorities of the Russian Federation at all levels.
A new market and business environment,
Russian companies operate in,
prioritize the need for independent,
rational and purposeful economic behavior oriented towards the competitive market
and expanded reproduction
by producing innovative products.
The success of an enterprise operation directly depends on the development and adaptation
of new technologies
for producing new products of higher quality
with less input that provides competitive
advantages in a market economy.
The need to implement innovative projects requires enterprises form innovative business
policies harmonizing the interests of
all participants of innovation processes.
The policies must meet the following requirements:
- towards consumers - to ensure
quick response to
the state and changes of the market;
- towards competitors
– to control the
activities of competitors;
- towards all participants of innovation
processes – to harmonize the interests an enterprise,
region, state and employee;
- towards
people – to provide social-oriented activities by producing environmentally
friendly products, making stricter environmental standards, protecting consumers,
creating comfortable work conditions, fulfilling potential of every employee.
The development of innovations is one of the main areas of
strategic planning while innovation
policy of the enterprise is the basis
for forming its innovative business
strategy [2]. The role of innovation policy for the strategic planning
is shown in Figure 1.
Fig. 1 – The role of innovation policy for the enterprise strategic
planning
As it is shown in Figure 1 innovation Policy of
the enterprise is defined as a
single set of business processes,
when the result of the previous process is the basis for
the next one. An innovation policy based on an
innovative strategy is sensitive to objectives, principles and priorities of the enterprise innovation activity. The objectives
of the company, the chosen methods of forming its innovation policy, as well as the company’s resources determine corporate, business and functional strategies
of the enterprise innovation policy.
The enterprise innovative policy defines the criteria for strategic decision-making and enables to construct a system of an innovation management in the organization.
Therefore, an innovation policy is essential
condition for the successful operating of a business
in the modern market environment.
The literature provides various definitions for the concept of «innovation policy». Some
of them are presented in Table 1.
Table 1 – Scientific views on the concept of «innovation
policy»
|
Author / source definition |
Defining |
|
The concept of innovation policy in the Russian Federation for 1998 - 2000 years. |
Process aimed at implementing
the results of completed research and development or other scientific
and technical advances in a new
or improved product,
sold at market, in a new or improved technological process used in practice, as well as the additional research and development. |
|
Appendix to the project «Basic Policy of the Russian Federation in the field of national innovation system for the period up to 2010 and beyond» |
Activity on the reproduction of the search, basic and applied research,
design and development activities,
marketing activities in order to engage their
results in the civil turnover for implementation
in the form of
an innovative product. |
|
Glossary Center for Science
Research and Statistics |
Type of activity associated with the transformation of ideas (usually the
results of research and development
or other scientific and
technological achievements) in new
or improved product
introduced on the market, in new or improved
manufacturing process used in practice or
in a new approach
to social services. |
|
Teaching aid «Innovation Management» Ogoleva L.N. |
The creative process and creating
innovations, implemented as a maximum of
innovative alternatives, innovation
needs and entrepreneurial
efforts. |
|
Official statistics |
The totality of all events
for the creation, acquisition, development and dissemination
of new and improved products, services, technology, raw materials, methods of production organization and management. |
The definitions of an innovation
policy given in table
1 have no significant differences. All definitions describe an
innovation policy as a particular
sequence of steps for implementing a
system of measures aimed at creating
new or improved
products and processes having a commercial value.
Based on these definitions one can formulate
the following definition of an innovation policy. It is a set of
actions and measures
conditioned by the objectives and chosen strategies for innovation developing the enterprise aimed at creating and implementing innovative products with
the use of new or improved techniques, technology, organizational and economic processes,
to give the enterprise competitive
advantages and meet
the needs of customers.
To determine the nature of the innovation policy of a company must formulate its aims, objectives
and principles.
The main purpose of the innovation policy of
the enterprise is to create
conditions for innovative development company, increasing
production efficiency and increased competitiveness in the long
term through innovation. The
tasks of innovation policy are as
follows:
- support the priorities and directions of innovative development of the
enterprise;
-
competent organization of innovation processes to ensure effective
interaction between all actors of innovation;
-
assessment of innovation potential of enterprises;
-
intensification of innovation activities of the enterprise;
- selection
and implementation of innovative projects that affect the competitiveness of enterprises;
- develop scenarios of innovation development of
the enterprise;
- concentration of
resources on priority directions of
innovation policy of the company;
-
other activities that influence the innovative
activity of enterprises.
The basic
principles of an innovative enterprise policy should include: compliance with the requirements of the market, the dominance of strategic options, complexity, continuity of development,
adaptability, search activity, multi-variant decision making, efficiency and allowance
for uncertainty factors in the
external environment of the
enterprise.
The literature
distinguishes internal and external
innovation policies of the enterprise. External innovation policy is
a general line of
conduct to the organization in the
market, leading to an increase in
its level of development and determines the priority
innovation projects. It is determined by the external environment,
market needs and internal
capacity of the enterprise. Internal innovation policy
of the enterprise is a process of
regulating the conduct of staff,
aimed at innovative type of development organizations
and enterprises to
innovate. It is determined by
the organization's management system.
In general, innovation policy is the management
of the company's choice of priority directions of innovative process development and execution of innovative plans and projects, as well as the formation
of innovation-active relationship
between the employees in your organization.
In the development of innovation policy, usually divided into four functional areas of innovation management
of the enterprise:
1) Research and development.
2) Quality management and
certification in accordance with the composition and volume elements
of State Standard Specification.
3) Creating an updated production base.
4) Market development of
innovative products.
Innovative research and
development businesses include: search and
functional studies, applied research, technical development
(experimental design, technological, and organizational design) and pilot production, and the first development of innovation (technical and economic), dissemination and
replication of innovations.
Development of an
improved production basis
is a plan for technical
re-compiled in the
form of business plans for
investment and innovation projects
to control locking
payback, profitability, net present
value and internal
rate of interest on each business plan.
Developing an innovative policy of the
enterprise is a complex process that involves
three basic steps:
1. Select the direction of innovation
policy. At this stage, the task of the enterprise is to examine options
for possible future market
situation and define the goals of
the enterprise. After that, the idea
formed in alternative
goals, which are supposed to implement the enterprise.
2. Strategic planning for innovation. At this stage
the company is developing options for alternative ways and means to achieve the selected goals in the previous
step. By comparison and evaluation is carried out selecting the best option to
achieve the set goals and develop a final strategy.
The strategy describes the overall direction of the
search and development of innovations, how to achieve the objectives of innovation, as well as its feasibility
study. The end result
of strategic planning is to create an innovative project is directly in
line with the chosen strategy
of innovation enterprise.
There
are two main types of
strategies in the innovation policy of
the enterprise [3]:
The
policy of «technological leader»,
when new discoveries, inventions, ideas, first introduced in production for enterprises, the
primary innovators of superiority.
The policy
of «simulator» in which the inventions, know-how, ideas and discoveries are
being implemented to re-enterprise’s imitators, as well as in the case of new
products are not new in the world market.
The
policy of «technological
leader» based on the fact that the manufacturing
facility has become the main executor
of innovative processes, which form new commodity
markets. Innovation policy
in this case, the
company intends to create market
new products with
the passage of the following steps:
• formation of new buyers as the new market
environment;
• selection of potential buyers;
• analysis and forecast of development of a new market;
• requests for new products and information on
claims;
• development of production
ideas that are in demand;
• checking the production of ideas in the laboratory
or in the market.
Innovation
policy «business simulator» Innovation is based on meeting the emerging needs
of customers, focus on their initiative and goes through the following steps:
• the buyer
puts the idea of necessary products or suggestions for its improvement;
• buyer searches for an appropriate manufacturer and refers to him with his
proposal;
• the manufacturer selects the idea of consumers about
new products and improve
it;
• the manufacturer specifies
and implements the ideas of customers.
In this
connection, in the heart of the development of innovative policy initiatives,
the company is the interaction of producer and consumer. On the basis of invention
and introduction of innovations combined activity of the manufacturer and
consumers.
3. Operational planning of innovations. The development of an innovative project involves several distinct stages. As part of the obtained
phases are planned separate activities whose
purpose is to implement innovative strategies. Each event defines
a start and end dates of specific work, the number of performers required resources
and performance indicators. As
a result, operational planning, detailed coherent plan of action to implement
the innovation enterprise.
Identify
completely new innovative (new discoveries, inventions and ideas) and
improved (upgraded) products. In accordance with this develops innovative business
strategy and determined the
risk of innovation, the degree of
which may be different.
Innovation
policy, aimed at the partial modernization of equipment and production technology,
upgrading products, lower production costs and increase the material interest
of team members in the outcome of labor,
related to the acceptable
or tolerable risk and the terms of a gradual increase in the efficiency of business enterprises.
With
a significantly greater
risk associated innovation
policy implementation and use of innovative science and technology, significantly changing the technical base
of production and organization management. These
include fundamental developments in the field of engineering and technology,
new organizational and economic decisions related to the decentralization of
decision making and execution, with a low level of formalization and regulation
of administrative operations, the ability
of the organizational structures of
management flexibility to restructure
in response to changes in tasks and conditions of work.
In this regard, it is important to
highlight the various challenges and
risks associated with
the implementation of innovative policies by Russian enterprises:
• reduced costs of innovations due to the reduction of
investment not only in science but also in
technical modernization, renovation of production and products;
• growth rates lag behind the world-class scientific and technical progress on a wide
range of quality parameters
of the technique;
• sharp decrease in the number
of research groups, communities, institutions, large-scale emigration of
specialists abroad;
• lack of flexibility in the existing logistics,
production and economic, social
and organizational structures;
• excessive duration of the innovation processes in time;
• limited diffusion of innovation;
• low proportion of radical innovations in
total;
• lack of interest in innovation by
targeting companies in the current adaptation;
• almost complete cessation of investment programs and technical re-equipment
and modernization over the past 10 years,
the lack of necessary industrial and scientific-technical
policy.
So, the formation of an innovation
policy is a long and complicated process that depends on
the types of developed and
used innovations. It is possible to
allocate different scientific views on the
enterprise innovation policy, they are determined by a system of goals,
objectives, principles, strategies, and risks of an enterprise which
conduct innovative activities.
Literature:
1.
Korokoshko, Y. V., Rosseeva, T. V.
Problemy i perspektivy razvitiya innovatsionnoi dyeyatelnosti rossiiskoi
ekonomiki. IV yezhegodnaya vserossiiskaya s mezhdunarodnym uchastiem
nauchno-prakticheskaya konferentsiya studentov «Chelovek. Obshchestvo.
Ekonomika: problemy i perspektivy vzaimodyeistviya»: materialy
nauchno-prakticheskoĭ konferentsii. – Perm:
ANO VPO «Permskii institut ekonomiki i finansov», 2010. – P. 67 – 69.
2.
Marinets I.N. Innovatsionnaya
politika predpriyatiya: sushchnost, so-derzhanie, problemy formirovaniya. //
Vestnik Severo-kavkazskogo gosudarstvennogo tehnicheskogo universiteta, 2010. –
¹1 (22).
3. Yermasov S.V, Yermasova N.B. Innovatsionnyi menedzhment: uchebnik
dlya vuzov. – M.: Vysshyee obrazovanie, 2007. – 505p.