Economics
Khan I.
Shymkent Institute of
economics, Kazakhstan
System of government
measures on market labour regulation
and its improvement
Annotation: Using
both organization – managerial and economic levers of influence on labour
market development, government realizes policy of market economic orientation on consecutive decision
of social problems.
In the sphere of social partnership some problems of turning present category into
effective tool of social – labour regulation should be solved.
Key words:
labour market,
social partnership, salary, level of life, training and retraining of personnel.
I.Introduction: Notwithstanding yearly conclusion of general agreements in the scale of
republic their content does not meet vital demands of to-day. Researches prove that on the national level of agreement do not have targeting in the relation to agreement of low level (branch and regional),
as well as to collective agreements and reflect only mutual obligations of the
parties.
II.
Statement of problem: Experience of developed countries show, that in the center of collective agreements issues of workers payment
for workers’ labour, and other problems of labour relations only added to them. In the agreements, concluded in our country priority
is given to other problems.
Nevertheless, in
comparison with previous years in general agreement of 2005-2006 more attention
is given to issues of income,
salary and level of life of the population. But the content as before remained evasive and not exact.
III.
Results: But main sides of cooperation are brought to the events “in the field of
economic policy, in the sphere of social – labour relations,labour and health
protection, fulfilling social policy, in the sphere of market labour
development, employment population increase, improvement professional training of personnel, in the sphere ensuring rights and guaranties of working women and youth, participation of parties of social partnership in
lawmaking, in the sphere of
improvement of social partnership,
coordination of parties’ activity».
You need not speak about hierarchical and integrity of
all components of multilevel system of social partnership. One can not see
dependence between branch tariffs and collective agreements, concluded in the
enterprises corresponding branch. But regional agreements
in generallook independent, not connected with other pats, element of collective –
agreement of regulating labour relations. Besides, there is noticed some discrepancy of parties of social partnership
at branch and regional levels.As
branch agreements concluded with the aim of workers and employers interests this or that branch and the aims
of regional agreement are establishment of approximate equal conditions of
reproduction of working force in the region, district or town independent
of branch belongings of enterprises,
then the aims of branch and regional agreements may enter into contradiction to
each other .Unlike branch regional
agreements mostly are deprived of any specifics,in their content there is mainly declarative character. That’s why increase of effectiveness of regional
agreements moves necessity of establishment of conceptual basis from
development considering specific peculiarities of territorial aspects of
regulation of labour relations.
In the present context it is necessary to define rational
differentiation of spheres of dissemination of branch and regional agreements.That
is, necessary to decide on what
aspects of social –labour s[here one should
agree with partners on branch level, and on which on regional. Besides, presence of methodic instructions on development îf agreement at
different levels would
have helped to social partners at all levels to define at what
directions of labour relation regulation they should agree upon.
Legal basis of kazakhstani market labour regulation
must fully consider specifics of forming in them relations. Therefore it is important to consider degree and form of assistance of
government organizations to both market labour participants’ occupation in
legal form: employers and unemployed. In this direction it is effective, first of all, to support financially business people, who establishes additional working
places for unemployed,
via authorized representative organizations dealing with issues of employment. Today new tools of active policy at republic labour
market is being implemented. These alternative forms
of employment assistance, labour agency, conducted by vacancy Fairs, financial support of independent employment and chance of having
possibility to get micro-credit.
During the last years with the aim of decreasing in isolation from market labour and loss of experience social works are actively
organized, measures on scale decrease
of hidden unemployment are taken,
assistance in development of individual enterprise is given. Let us pay attention at the fact that in Kazakhstan incentive measures on development of self-
employment is established.
Positive progress in this direction took place only at the turn of 1997-1998, when
in “Strategy – 2030” the government has developed programmer of micro – credit,
which let poor categories of population got basic credit, allowing to stimulate
economic activity of the population and lay the basis for private business
development.
Development of small and medium-sized sized businesses
carry in themselves a lot of important advantages:
- Increase of a number of owners, which means formation of a middle class – basis of any
community;
- Increase of a part economically active population, which increases
income of citizens and smoothes disproportion in wealth of different social
groups;
- Establishment of new working places with relatively low capital
expenditures, especially in the sphere of service;
- Development and implementation of technological, technical and
organizational innovations;
- Elimination of producers monopoly, establishment of competitive
environment ;
- Decrease of fund – equipment and capital intensity at the output of
more labour – intensive product, quick
payback of investment;
- Improvement interconnection between different sectors of economy.
Today in Kazakhstan society possibility of
unlimited working for more than one place appeared, working at home, establishment and search of additional sources of
income. The biggest number of such workers are occupied in
industry, trade and public catering,construction,in financial – credit and insurance companies,
in institutions of science and science service, culture, art, health. Having such high production potential and possessing
large natural resources and highly qualified specialists Kazakhstan uses its labour potential for the present not enough. Today the objective of work force competitiveness increase is highlighted, both at the
republic labour market, and international labour market, as the most important
condition of satisfaction of work force questioning.
Necessity of regulation role of state in restructurizing of employment with regard for increasing tension at internal
market labour becomes evident, which is confirmed by special attention of
the government to the solution of the employment and unemployment problems. To ensure struggle with unemployment in the recent
years government intends to take the following actions, supposing:
- Preservation and increase of a number of economically effective working
place in perspective branches and productions;
- Establishment of working places through increase of investment at the
account of attraction of different financing sources;
- Establishment of conditions for development of small and medium-sized
businesses, , support of citizens labour initiatives;
- Organization and widening of social works types;
- provision of land for maintenance of personal subsidiary small-holding,
gardening and truck farming;
- improvement of training and retraining of unemployed with regard labour
market demands;
- widening of republican information – analytical basis data on employment
issues;
- improvement of micro-credit system.
In our opinion, if the government has taken a decision about
struggle with poverty and unemployment, then first and foremost it should have clarified the number of persons interested to get permanent work and
then to take special measures.
One should mind that other factors may also influence
the situation at republican labour market:
- rise of housing and communal services payment and increase salary
portion in the structure of population incomes will influence population
economic activity;
- appearance at the labour market of significant contingent of youth,
which has low educational level, complicates the problem of their job
placement.
- Preserving of low competitiveness at republican labour market of
separate categories of citizens ( youth without practical work experience,
women, who have small children, women over 50, disabled people, citizens, who
has been discharged from the military service and others), caused by objective
toughening of employers’ demands to hired worker.
It is impossible to pass over such picture in contemporary system of employment – attraction
of foreign force. According to existing legislation, foreigners, as well as joint kazakhstani companies and agencies, before attracting foreigners from abroad to work in the republic, should license on this type of activity from Ministry of labour and
social defence.
Ñonsequences of hiring and use of foreign workers for Kazakhstan are ambiguous. Labour migration allows
to fill vacancies and free working places, for which there are no personnel of
corresponding specialists or qualification.
Normative documents regulating internal and external
migration, population employment, rational use of labour resources and
registration of citizen leaving to work outside the state as well as export of
working force have special significance.
As we see, employment relations are the most important
set in system of social – labour relations.
At each stage of economy development there is its own definite model of
employment, which by its characteristics reveals essential processes of
kazakhstani society functioning. In this connection we
consider that it is necessary to:
-develop employment regulation strategy in accordance with selected model
of social - economic development of
Republic of Kazakhstan and its regional peculiarities;
- widen special research on issues of employment structure and demand of
economy in working force broken down professions and specialties, on future
vacancies considering changes happening in economy;
-Besides flexible and unconventional forms of employment, providing for
possibility of choice of optimal work schedule by the workers themselves, the
world work experience should also be used;
- carrying out monitoring of regional (oblast) of labour market yearly(quarterly, half-yearly);
- adaptation of the unemployed to changed market demands through system
of professional training at maximal calculation of existing basic
qualification;
- to develop a package of legislative acts, referring to legalization of
migrants, provision them with temporary lodging and health service, social
insurance;
- encouragement of investment into a person through general, professional
and business education, qualification development and retraining;
- development of insurance from unemployment system;
- establishment of effective system of social partnership.
It s generally
known that employment depends upon demographic factors and policy in the sphere
of education, health, social defense and regulation of national
labour market, but level and quality of
employment depends upon demand on working force, caused by economical and
social development, monetory and credit, fiscal, structural and technological
policy. Therefore, problem of employment must and will be considered only as a complex problem with multi vector directions. On the whole, it maybe noted, that transition from general and full employment in social production to system of economic activity, meeting criteria of established market, has taken place. In social – labour sphere radical changes take place:
to replace social and collective comes private and individual labour,
significant part of economically active population work on oneself.
Orienting at the advantageously economic methods of labour market regulation,
carried out policy of employment should foresee
quality changes in structure of employment,
professional training, increase of working force competitiveness and guaranteed
social defence.
Therefore, exclusive right to mange his own abilities to
labour supposes and the man right to work there as long and much as it is
required. Each must have possibility independently to choose for himself comfortable schedule of work and
employment. For all there must be acceptable permanent, partial, temporary,
occasional employment, work for more than one employer. The right of unlimited
choice of profession and sphere of labour with any form of property is equally
important. The role of the government is in the establishment for equal legal conditions for
realization of ones abilities for all.
The main aim in the field of labour relations and population employment
policy, – establishment and ensuring of conditions, necessary
for effective functioning of labour market: for employers – satisfaction of
demands in working force necessary for qualification, for workers – motivation
to labour and decent salary and acceptable labour conditions. Priority direction
in labour market development is ensuring conditions,
directed at increase of real amount of salary till middle Russian level. Further – cardinal increase of salary portion in the structure of population income. For the workers of budget sphere on the basis of gradual approach tariff
rates of lowest class of a single tariff rate to level of subsistence minimum
of able to work population, having given to them character of minimum
government guaranties in we payment. Main objectives in the field of labour safety
is of workers social defence, injured at work from accident, improvement of
government management of labour safety and control of following legislation of
labour, safety, conformity of working places with norms and rules safety
technich. Priority direction of increase of quality and competitiveness of
working force is change of existing system of professional training personnel
at production. Main objectives of government policy of population employment is:
- regulation of situation in the sphere of employment in branches of
economy and on the territory of districts(towns);
- realization of special measures on re –profiling of unemployed citizen
and reduction of long term unemployment;
- improvement of information policy employment ensuring;
-development of personnel potential considering labour market demand,
professional training system, qualification development and retraining of
unemployed citizens, unoccupied and working population. Increase of real volume
of salary. To solve the present objective reforming of salary system will be
continued. In reforming non- budget sector of economy reforming will be carried
out through system of agreement with separate business entity in frames of indicative
management system and social partnership by means of conclusion of a regional
contract on the republic level between the Government, Unification of
Organization of Trade Unions and Union of Employers.
Regional agreements are
approved by intersectoral ratio of minimal monthly tariff rates of workers of
main professions.
Meanwhile, branch of
“Engineering industry and metal working industry”, where minimal monthly tariff
rate is defined in the volume of 60% of the level of subsistence minimum of
population able to work with future its approaching 100%. Realization of measures
foreseen by republican Concept of reforming salary system and population
incomes, will allow to increase the portion of tariff part to 2/3 of a total
volume labour payment and ensure rise of average salary, in 2002 - at 1,6
times, in 2004 – at 2,2 times, meanwhile to increase real cash incomes at 19,8
% and decrease population portion, who has incomes less subsistence minimum at
38% [1]. To increase salary the following is foreseen:
- introduction into action intersectoral and innersectoral tariff regulation of salary in
non-budget sector of economy on the basis of social partnership through
conclusion and fulfilling of branch, territory agreements and collective agreements;
- realization of
measures on salaries payable decrease in non – budget sphere and
full elimination at enterprises and organizations budget sphere;
- initiating on behalf of the Government of republic suggestions for
consideration of RK Government on
minimum volume salary increase and rate of ETC
1st category to 60% from the volume of subsistent minimum;
- implementation of organizational and technical measures on improvement
of conditions and labour safety at the production, improvement of methodic and
information ensuring system. To increase of quality and competitiveness of
working force is improvement of existing system of professional training and
retraining of personnel at the production one will have to widen amount leaders
and specialists at enterprises, organizations on ensuring conditions of security and labour safety, human resource
specialists, managers of middle level on labour and social processes management
education programmers in work collectives. At the first stage compensation by enterprises
deficit in highly qualified personnel of working professions makes up 700 of
people with further increase in 2004 to 800 people. Programmer of personnel training at the enterprise in 2001-2003 in Kazakhstan will promote implementation of planned measures. Protection of workers, suffered at enterprise from accident, directed at
improvement of system of state management of labour security and supervision following
of labour security legislation, conformity of working places to norms and rules
of safety. These objectives solving is connected with implementation of
Republic programmer at improvement of conditions and labour security for 2001-2003 years. A complex of organizational and technical measures on
improvement of conditions and labour security at the enterprise, improvement of
methodical and information ensuring system is planned. Implementation of complex
measures on improvement of conditions and labour security will allow to reduce real number of accidents at working place at a rate of per 1000
working people from 4.4 to 4.3 in 2002-2004.Professional education of
unemployed citizens and unoccupied population.
Improvement of system of professional education of unemployed citizens and
unemployed population Republic of Kazakhstan will be implemented on the following directions:
-support of small
business through professional education of unemployed citizens to basics of entrepreneur activity, widening of
possibility of educating unemployed citizens to professions and specialties to
work in the sphere of service, small business and self - employment;
-ensuring of coordination and concordance of volumes and profiles of
training workers and specialist for institutions of professional education con
sidering demands of republic labour market;
- holding of competitive selection of educational institutions of all
levels to organize training of unemployed and unoccupied population;
- ensuring further development and improvement of professional system
of training of unemployed and
unoccupied population, meeting demands of economy considering economic
sutability;
- implementation of effective professional programmers and intensive
education technologies;
- ensuring priority of professional education of
citizens, especially be in need of social defence and having difficulties in
searching suitable work;
- improvement of information and methodical ensuring of
professional education of unemployed citizens and unemployed population;
- assistance to employers by the organs of employment
service in organizing advance professional education released workers.
Professional orientation psychological support of unemployed citizens and unoccupied people. Psychological support directed to overcoming negative emotional
state of unemployed citizens and unemployed population.
To expand professional orientation and psychological
support of unemployed citizens and unemployed population foreseen:
- coordination of activity on issues of professional orientation and psychological
support of population of republican
organs of education, internal affairs, health and other interested
agencies;
- organization of professional orientation of students, especially
graduates of general education and professional general education institutions;
- development of services on professional orientation and psychological
support of unemployed citizens and unemployed people;
- giving priority to citizens, reckoning to socially ill-defended category, on
the first hand, youth, women who have children, disabled people, military men,
discharged from the Army of Kazakhstan;
- development and improvement of psychological support to unemployed
citizens and unemployed population with the aim of increase of their
competitiveness at labour market, restoring motivation to labour and formation
of experience of independent search for work.
Special attention will be devoted for a long time to unemployed
citizens, by means of their active attraction to lessons “Clubs looking for
job” and “new start”. Assistance to employment of population includes
organization of temporary and social works, development of business, social
integration and support of citizens with special demands. Aim of attracting unemployed citizens to temporary occupation and social works is
in assistance to them material support, retention of motivation of citizens to
labour, lbeing unemployed for a long period , obtaining working experience by
youth, starting working activity as well as lessening of situation at the
market. Main actions on widening of business and self employment of population
will be directed:
- for selection of
people from unemployed citizens, wishing to deal with entrepreneur activity,
and giving them possibility of getting professional consulting services,
educating the fundamentals of entrepreneur activity, necessary for conducting
private business:
- Financial support of
entrepreneurs from the number of unemployed citizens at the stage of
establishment of their own business;
- carrying out agreed actions employment
service activities, interested organizations, organizing programmers, promoting
self employment and development of entrepreneur of unoccupied and unemployed citizens;
- Social integration and support of citizens
with special needs, defines measures of social adaptations for particularly
needy in social defence and experiencing difficulties in search of work of
unemployed and unoccupied citizens with special demands at labour market.
IV. Conclusion:
Thus, regulation of processes
in the sphere of employment on behalf of Government is directed, in the first place,
at support and ensuring employment,
training and retraining of personnel, in order that, each man can find
application of its own abilities in relevant sphere activity. We consider, that
top-priority goal in solving issues of modern employment system is overcoming
dependant population mood, timely informing population of job placement
possibilities, relevant unemployed training meeting the demands of labour
market, increase of free care availability, salary role increase in working
force cost, transition from informal labour market into open labour market.
References:
1. Statistical vearbook of Kazakhstan. Statistical compendium /Agency on
Staristics of the Republic of Kazakhstan-Almaty,2005,p.55