L.F. Nizaeva
Bashkir
State Medical University, Ufa, Russia
ORTHODONTIC MICROIMPLANTS
Microimplants are small
systems that serve as a support in the treatment of dentoalveolar
anomalies. They are made of pure
titanium (99.2%) or its alloy. Due to
this they are completely biocompatible with the tissues of the body. [1, 2]
Orthodontists still require the possibility of creating a good support
for orthodontic treatment. The use of microimplants in orthodontics has increased the ability of
specialists to influence the dental system of the patient and facilitated his
further treatment. So, when using microimplants, we can achieve:
- accelerate the treatment of patients;
- eliminate the use of extraoral structures
(facial arches, masks, traction, etc.);
- improve the direct force load on the tissue [3]
Stabilization of the
support with the use of implants can be direct when the orthodontic traction is
applied to the implant on one side and, on the other hand, to the teeth and
indirectly, when a group of teeth, to which force is applied and relative to
which other teeth move, is connected to the implant. The effectiveness of using
microimplants is practically does not depend on the number and density of
bone tissue, the procedure of installation is simple and low-traumatic, miniplants well resist direct force load and are easily
removed after completion treatment of
Ia.
In the orthodontic
mini-implant, three parts are distinguished: intraosseous
(carving), gum (neck) and supragingival (head). The diameter of the intraosseous
part does not exceed 3.0 mm and, depending on the system, its length ranges
from 5.0 to 12.0 mm. The neck of the
orthodontic mini implant should be located in the thickness of the gums and in
most mini-implant systems, its length is also different. The supragingival
part of the mini-implant is specially designed for fixing orthodontic elements
(ligatures, elastics, springs, arches) and is diverse in various systems.
The length of the intraosseous part of the orthodontic mini implants ranges
from 5 mm to 12 mm. According to the
shape of the thread, the intraosteal parts can be
divided into mini-implants, which require the formation of a bone bed and mini
implants with self-tapping thread, or "self-tapping screws". For the first it is necessary to form a guide
channel by a pilot cutter for the entire length of the implant, and for mini
implants with a self-tapping thread - the passage of a pilot cutter only the
cortex. The supporting function of mini
implants is performed due to primary mechanical stability, and does not require
osteointegration. [3,4]
Mini-implants can be
classified according to several criteria:
1. On the material of the
mini-implant: -titanium; -alloys of
titanium; -steel.
2. According to the
configuration of the intraosseous part:- screw.
3. In the form of the intraosseous part:
- cylindrical (the
diameter of the intraosseous part does not
change);
-conical (in the region
of the apex have a smaller diameter).
4. By type of thread:
- mini-implants with
self-tapping threads: (self-tapping screws)
- requiring the formation
of a bone bed.
5. By location: -intersternal (endosal).
6. According to the installation method: -one-stage
7. Depending on the exposure of the head of the implant:
-Open method: applicable when the implant head is in the oral cavity.
-Closed method: applicable when
the implant head is immersed in a soft cloth.
8. By the method of twisting:
-Method of microimplant installation with
pre-drilling. This method is used when
installing a small-diameter implant, or using a low-grade titanium implant.
-Micro-implant installation
method without pre-drilling. This method
is used for the installation of a large-diameter implant and the use of an
implant of a titanium alloy. [1.]
Indications for use of mini-planets:
- Creation of additional support;
- Presence of defects in the jaw
or teeth;
- reduction of the duration of
orthodontic treatment; [5]
Contraindications
when using microimplants: - inflammatory processes of
the oral mucosa; - diabetes; - endocrine diseases; - oncological
diseases; - immunodeficiency states [4].
Thus, the literature data on the possibilities of
using microimplants as an additional support for
orthodontic treatment of the anomalies of the dental system are very diverse,
and often contradictory. This allows us
to say that the use of microimplants remains relevant
and not fully understood. At the same
time, the available results make it possible to consider this method of
treatment as very promising .
Literature
1.
Аверьянов С.В., Рябых Л.А., «Хирургическая коррекция
зубочелюстных аномалий.» Уфа 2014 год
2.
Аверьянов С.В., Зубарева А.В. Комплексный
метод лечения ретенированных зубов //Ортодонтия.
2016. № 2 (74).
С. 32.
3.
Аверьянов С.В., Пермякова
Е.С., Машкина Ю.И. Частота встречаемости ретенции зубов у детей по данным
ортопантомограммы // Наука, образование и инновации
сборник статей международной научно-практической конференции. 2016. С. 133-135.
4.
Чуйкин С.В., Аверьянов С.В., Мингазева
А.З., Балабин Н.М., Гончаров А.В., Михайлова Г.А. Комбинированный метод лечения
ретенции клыка // Проблемы стоматологии.
2008. № 4.
С. 37-39.
5. Аверьянов С.В., Авраамова
О.Г., Акатьева Г.Г., и др.Детская
терапевтическая стоматология. Национальное руководство. Москва,
2017.