Tyurina V.B.
Bashkir State Medical
University, Ufa
SPECIAL METHODS FOR THE
INVESTIGATION OF ORTHODONTIC PATIENTS
Orthodontics is a section of
dentistry that studies etiology, pathogenesis, peculiarities of dentoalveolar
anomalies, methods of their diagnosis and treatment. Dentofacial anomalies and
deformities occupy one of the first places among diseases of the maxillofacial
area. In children and adolescents, this type of pathology occurs in 30-75% of
cases and tends to increase, especially against the background of accompanying
dental diseases. [2]. Diagnosis of dentoalveolar anomalies is one of the most
difficult sections of the orthodontist's work. [1]. Methods of examining
patients are divided into clinical and special. Clinical examination includes a
survey (anamnesis), examination of the face, examination of the oral cavity. To
special methods of examination of patients with dentoalveolar anomalies are:
the study and measurement of gypsum models of the jaws. Graphic diagnostic
methods, X-ray methods of examination. The diagnostic and diagnostic models of
the jaws reflect the clinical picture of the oral cavity, are needed when
deciding on the application of the most effective orthodontic apparatus, to
trace the dynamics of the treatment. [3]. All methods of measuring the models
of the jaws are based on the existence of regularities of the relationship
between tooth sizes on the one hand and the sizes of dentition rows and apical
bases on the other [4]. Taking into account the value of the width of the tooth
row, Pont (1907) found a definite regularity between the sum of the transverse
dimensions of the four permanent incisors (SI) and the width of the dentition
in the region of premolars and first molars. This relationship is reflected in
the following formulas:
Premolar index: (The sum of the transverse dimensions of the four upper
incisors × 100) / (distance between premolars) = 80
Molar index: (The sum of the transverse dimensions of the four upper
incisors × 100) / (the distance between the first molars.) = 64
In cases where not all the upper incisors have been cut (or absent), the
sum of their width can be determined from the sum of the transverse dimensions
of the lower incisors, using the Tone index (1.35), according to which the sum
of the width of the upper incisors refers to the sum of the lower incisors as
4/3 . [9]. Snagina N.G. found that there is a relationship between the sum of
the mesiodistal dimensions of 12 permanent teeth and the following values: the
width of the dental arch between the premolars and molars (at the Pon points);
the width of the apical base and the length of the apical base. [8]. Graphic
diagnostic methods allow you to evaluate the shape of the dentition. To
construct the Hauley-Gerber-Gerbst diagram, it is necessary: to
determine the sum of the mesiodistal dimensions of the three upper teeth
(central, lateral incisors and canine). The Hauleius-Gerber-Gerbsta has rounded
lateral branches and is a curve of the normal upper dentition. [5].
Radiological examination methods: dental radiography is an intraoral
straight-close-focus method. [7]. Diagnostic value, when choosing the teeth to
be removed according to orthodontic indications, have the following symptoms:
anomalies in the shape of roots and root canals, neoplasms and destructive
periodontal changes. [6]. Orthopantomography, or panoramic tomography is one of
the main diagnostic methods. Used to assess the presence of teeth and their
rudiments, the state of hard tissues of teeth; periapical tissues; periodontal
disease; temporomandibular joint. The teleradenography is used to study the
structure of the facial skeleton, its growth, refinement of the diagnosis and
the prognosis of orthodontic treatment. The A.M. Schwarz method is most often
used, which divided all the measurements into craniometric, gnatometric and
profilometric ones. The goal of craniometric studies is to determine the
location of the jaws and the temporomandibular joint with respect to the base
of the skull. Gnatometric studies allow us to establish the morphological
features of various types of bite anomalies. [7]. Thus, special research
methods allow the doctor to determine the shape of the dentoalveolar anomaly,
severity. Setting the correct detailed diagnosis is the cornerstone of
successful complex treatment.
The list of references.
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пособие для студентов стоматологического факультета, врачей-ортодонтов,
врачей-интернов / Под ред. B. И. Куцевляка. / В. И. Куцевляк, А. В. Самсонов,
С.А. Скляр, — Харьков: «СИМ», 2013. — 532
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Авраамова О.Г., Акатьева Г.Г., и др Детская терапевтическая стоматология .Национальное
руководство .-Москва, 2017.