Alzhanova N.Sh
Ph.D., Professor
HSEB of "Economics" Kazakh National
University named Al-Farabi
HSEB of "Economics" Kazakh National
University named Al-Farabi
Analysis of the problem of
poverty in the context of social modernization of Kazakhstan
The modern
economy of Kazakhstan is on a whole new round of development, however, it does
not reduce the severity of the social problems of particular relevance gets the
problem of poverty. Is a multivariate poverty phenomenon in this connection,
there are many different approaches to estimating. Usually, poverty is measured
by income or expense based on the assumption that the material standard of
living largely determines their well-being. Poor, in this case, are the people
whose standard of living below a certain point, the so-called poverty line. As
you know, in different countries and in different historical periods basic
necessities of life were assessed differently. How, in practice, the state
bodies of social care and guardianship determine poor people or not? For this
purpose, and was designed by indicators such as the poverty line, reflecting a
level of income that is needed to maintain acceptable minimum standard of
living.
If we compare the
figures, then, for example, in Russia the poverty line (cost of living) from
December 3, 2012 was defined in 6705 rubles per person per month [6]. In 2012,
Russian President Vladimir Putin at a meeting of the State Council admitted
that the country was "unacceptable high income differentiation" and
13 percent of citizens (about 18 million people) still live below the poverty
line. [5] In the US, the cost of living is 15 dollars a day. Indicator
subsistence in the USA is 15 times higher than in China and 2.2 times higher
than in Russia. Below the poverty line in the United States, according to
official statistics, home to 14.3% of the population (43.6 million. Pers.) [6].
In the European Union, which includes 27 countries, the share of the poor even
slightly higher than in the United States: 17 percent, equivalent to almost 85
million. People (more than the population of the largest European countries -
Germany). According to analysts the poor in the European Union are those citizens
whose income is less than 60% of the level of wages in the country of
residence. Salaries in different EU countries, therefore, to be considered poor
in Luxembourg, you get less 18.5 thousand. Euro per year. In Denmark, the
poverty level - 14.5 thousand., In Ireland - 13.7 thousand., United Kingdom -
13.1 thousand., Sweden - 12.1 thousand., Finland - 11.8 thousand., Germany -
10.9 thousand (Table 1). The lowest poverty threshold recorded in Romania (1.1
thousand.) And Bulgaria (1.3 thousand.).
Figure
1. subsistence minimum in countries
Picture of poverty in America and
in Europe would be more iridescent, if not for immigrants. Natives of poorest
countries in Africa, Asia, Latin America, once in prosperous countries, are
satisfied with the minimum that tens (or even hundreds) times the level of
income in their homeland. Currently, the question of minimizing the number of
poor people is a challenge for any country. Against the background of the
measures taken for Combating inequality of income distribution and poverty,
such as free food, clothing and medicines, assistance in finding employment,
lowering communal tariffs, social benefits and pensions, it is necessary to
understand that there are some fundamental reasons combining population: the
lack of the necessary conditions for earning income; high unemployment;
different levels of education and training; ownership or possession of the
property, which are associated with unearned incomes; backwardness of some
sectors of the economy;
Currently, the ideology of
reducing poverty in Kazakhstan most effectively implemented within the state
program on poverty reduction. One of the most important indicators of poverty
is the dynamics of poverty reduction of the population according to the data
for the 2010-2014. changes in the level of poverty has decreased, which
indicates that, taken in Kazakhstan various poverty reduction measures have a
certain effect [1].
Figure 2. Dynamics of Poverty
However, it should be noted that in Kazakhstan for the
measurement of poverty used the cost of living, which is an important
instrument of state social policy. In world practice, it is used as a criterion
of absolute poverty, and is called the "poverty line", which is
defined as the minimum level of income required to meet basic human needs. But
poverty, which is closely linked with economic inequality should be considered
in the context of the welfare of all sections of society. We are talking about
a policy of the state, which would be aimed not only at those who are already
in a state of absolute poverty, but would also help to prevention the risk of
poverty. Other equally important indicators to determine whether achieve their
goals social support programs of the poor, how much or where not reach, are
indicators of poverty: the proportion of the poor, the poverty gap, severity of
poverty. In the case of assessment of the overall progress in reducing of absolute
poverty indicator "percentage of the poor" is be completely adequate
tool of analysis. However, in some cases, including analysis of the impact on
the poor of various policy measures, the use of the headcount measure does not
assess the obtain image effects. The poverty gap and severity of poverty - show
income differentiation among the poor and provide very important information
for the ongoing social assistance programs to low-income population. Thus, all
three indicator appropriate to apply together since their use is more fully
explains the situation poverty.
For more precise characterization of the poor used
indicators of depth and severity of poverty. The poverty gap reflects the
average amount of income of the poor, missing up to the poverty line,
calculated in relation to the total population of the country. So, for the
period from 2010 to 2013 the depth of poverty in Kazakhstan decreased by 0.7
times and amounted to 0.4%.
Additional characteristics of the poverty gap index gives
the severity of poverty, which shows the inequality among the poor - the degree
of dispersion of incomes of the poor from their average value. Since 2010, the
severity of poverty in Kazakhstan decreased by 0.1 times and amounted to 0.1%
|
Depth of
poverty |
Severity of poverty |
|||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2010 |
2011 |
2012 |
2013 |
2010 |
2011 |
2012 |
2013 |
|
|
The Republic of
Kazakhstan |
1,1 |
0,9 |
0,5 |
0,4 |
0,3 |
0,3 |
0,1 |
0,1 |
|
Akmola |
0,8 |
1,3 |
0,8 |
0,7 |
0,2 |
0,5 |
0,3 |
0,2 |
|
Aktobe |
1,1 |
0,5 |
0,3 |
0,3 |
0,3 |
0,1 |
0,1 |
0,1 |
|
Almaty |
0,8 |
0,3 |
0,4 |
0,4 |
0,1 |
0,1 |
0,1 |
0,1 |
|
Atyrau |
1,0 |
0,5 |
0,2 |
0,2 |
0,3 |
0,1 |
0,0 |
0,0 |
|
West Kazakhstan |
0,6 |
0,9 |
0,5 |
0,4 |
0,1 |
0,2 |
0,1 |
0,1 |
|
Jambul |
0,6 |
0,6 |
0,9 |
0,4 |
0,1 |
0,1 |
0,3 |
0,1 |
|
Karaganda |
0,7 |
0,6 |
0,4 |
0,4 |
0,2 |
0,2 |
0,1 |
0,1 |
|
Kostanayskaya |
1,0 |
0,9 |
0,5 |
0,6 |
0,3 |
0,3 |
0,2 |
0,2 |
|
Kyzylordinskaya |
0,8 |
0,8 |
0,3 |
0,3 |
0,2 |
0,2 |
0,1 |
0,0 |
|
Mangistau |
2,0 |
1,1 |
0,4 |
0,2 |
0,6 |
0,2 |
0,1 |
0,0 |
|
South Kazakhstan |
2,4 |
1,8 |
1,0 |
0,8 |
0,8 |
0,5 |
0,2 |
0,2 |
|
Pavlodar |
0,6 |
0,9 |
0,5 |
0,2 |
0,2 |
0,3 |
0,1 |
0,0 |
|
North Kazakhstan |
0,8 |
1,8 |
1,0 |
1,0 |
0,2 |
0,6 |
0,3 |
0,4 |
|
East Kazakhstan |
1,3 |
1,5 |
0,6 |
0,3 |
0,3 |
0,5 |
0,2 |
0,1 |
|
Astana |
0,6 |
0,4 |
0,2 |
0,1 |
0,2 |
0,1 |
0,0 |
0,0 |
|
Almaty |
0,3 |
0,2 |
0,1 |
0,1 |
0,1 |
0,0 |
0,0 |
0,0 |
Table 1. The depth
and severity of poverty in Kazakhstan by region.
Thus, to solving the problem of social inequality and
poverty necessary to approachcomprehensively taking into
account various factors such negative phenomena. The state
should always be interested in creating and maintaining a
prosperous social and economical environment for its
citizens, because the low level of affluence and
povertylead to profound negative consequences: a drop
in the level of a society's culture, migration of the working
population, an increase in crime, to increased
mortality. To fight against poverty necessary to
involve and society, creating preferential conditions
forcharities, or, following the example of the Scandinavian
countries, to organize a socialmodel of organization of society,
which has a "social contract" - the rich pay for
the poor, helping them to exist. Important conditions to address
poverty is to increase employment,raise the minimum subsistence
level, government support of the poor and regularlyexisting
social assistance system for them.
List of references:
1. The Ministry of National Economy Committee on
Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan: stat.gov.kz
2. The objectives of the UN Millennium Development
Goals in 2002. Kazakhstan - Almaty: TaimasPrintHouse, 2002.
3. Bekhozhaeva A.K Standard of living and poverty.
Study of international experience // Sayasat, ¹ 3-4, 2002.
4. Razumov A.A Poverty and methods of its overcoming.
5. The subsistence minimum, // [electronic resource] /
Access: http://advocatshmelev.narod.ru/prozhitochnyj-minimum.html.
6. The cost of living in the month // [electronic
resource] / Access: http://portal.tpu.ru/SHARED/g/GANB/ucheba/Tab2/l6.ppsx.
7. [electronic resource] / Access:
http://mirnov.ru/arhiv/mn964/mn/img/06-1c.jpg. Email to contact the authors:
e-mail: ff01@bk.ru