Markelova
D.M.
Kostanay
State University named after A. Baitursynov, Kazakhstan
EXPRESSIONAL
SPECIFICATION AT THE TRANSLATION OF ENGLISH WORDS INTO RUSSIAN
"The choice of the
expressive word is explained by
expressiveness of the next word or wider context".[9]
V. G. Gak
This subject is
actual today as the expressional and emotional specification presents some
difficulties in translation. Comparing the translations, from a foreign
language you understand that instead of stylistically neutral words of the
original in translation there are in expressive way painted words of the native
language.
The essence of an
expressional and emotional specification was opened by V. Gak. V. Gak compared
the translations from French into Russian in combination with other phenomenon
– so-called "expressional and stylistic co-ordination". For example,
the verb "go". BERD (the big English-Russian dictionary)
brings: рухнуть, сломаться, расколоться, податься (to fail, break, break up, to move). All these verbs
differ in high expressivity.
The verb "get" has wider semantics. This verb has the following expressional values: добывать, схватить, проникать, захватывать, увлекать, волновать,
заразиться, вылезать, выведывать, пробираться etc.
Analyzing the
translations, you are convinced that application of reception of an
expressional specification in translation is combined with expressional co-ordination.
For example, the verb "get"
in translation receives the following contextual value- «Выжать до последней капли». She was able to get every ounce of humour out of the
semicolon. (Somerset W. Maugham. The Creative Impulse). For achievement of adequacy at
the translation of the text from English into Russian it is necessary to use
the reception of an expressional specification providing the most exact
transfer of an author's position. English verbs of action often demand more
concrete and exact disclosure of their value in translation. The Russian verb
will be much more emotionally and more expressively, than English. It can be
observed when transfer verbs: take, give, open, close, offer, put etc.
In most cases the
translation depends on comparison of the culture and the image of the world to
foreign culture. N. M. Lebedev told: "If all of us time live in one
culture, natural to us will consider the culture as the standard. We can't
separate ourselves from the culture and involuntarily we treat behavior of
others from positions of the culture"[10].
N. V. Ufimtseva
revealed the following distinctions in concepts of words of symbols: for
example word "Friend". Expressional values in English: enemy, foe,
companion, buddy, neighbor, ally. For the Russian-speaking person the word
"friend" acquires a large number of positive adjectives: «верный», «надёжный», «преданный» ("true", "reliable",
"faithful").
And also with such
concepts as: "protection", "help", "schoolmate".
I will make a conclusion N. V. Ufimtsev's statement: "… behind external
similarity of formal structure of a kernel of language consciousness of
Russians and British there are absolutely different images of the world"
[11].
Also it should be
noted that to nouns and adjectives of Russian the expression is given by suffixes
of value judgment. One English word it is impossible to express to an
expression of the Russian words. For example: человечек,
человечище.
The expressional
specification is natural not only at the translation of the art text. This
reception is applied when transfer journalism. The expressional shade is
expressed in the English text by a context or is created by a situation, in
translation into Russian the expression is supported by language means. For
example «Вытряхнуть из головы» it is possible
to note in translation of the autobiographical book of W. Somerset Maugham. The
Summing Up. I write this book to disembarrass my soul of certain notions that
have hovered about in it too long for my comfort. «На которые махнул рукой» - I have written few pages that I
feel I could not improve and far too many that I have left with dissatisfaction
because, try as I would, I could do no better.
Standard
comparisons. Literal transfer of the second component of such comparison often
leads to absurdity. They can quite often be equated to idioms, it is so
peculiar and sometimes even the image which is been their basis is unclear.
Really that sound as a bell means “здоров, как колокол”? or right as rain правилен, как дождь? or fit as a fiddle исправен, как скрипка? Having penetrated into semantic structure of the
compared adjectives you understand that all of them are multiple-valued.
Sound 1) healthy,
strong; 2) good-quality, innocent, serviceable, strong; 3) strong, deep (about
a dream);
4) correct,
sensible, logical; 5) capable, clever; 6) the strong; 7) deep, careful and two
more special values.
It is hard to say
to what of at least three or four word meanings (except the 3rd, 4th and 5th)
value of comparison in general is attached. In the new edition of the
dictionary of Müller from which all these values are given, the
traditional and wrong translation of this comparison is for the first time
excluded is healthy as a bull as “sound as a bell” can be told and about the
woman whereas the roughness expression is peculiar to the Russian analogue. The
dictionary with good reason gives the neutral translation: it is quite healthy.
We observe
approximately same picture in the analysis of semantic structure of an
adjective of "fit". And here the polysemy gives the grounds for broad
interpretation of comparison and for three compliances in Müller's
dictionary: a) it is absolutely healthy; b) in great mood; as well as possible.
It is most difficult to analyse semantic structure of the third comparison:
right as rain, as right and right, fair, and true, correct, and suitable,
pertinent, and straight line. And comparison it has three options: right as
rain, right as nails, right as a trivet. In Müller's dictionary these three comparisons
are carried on three different nouns and are given even with the different
translations, the first: absolutely healthy, in a full order; the second:
absolutely correct, in a full order, absolutely healthy; and, at last, the
third: the healthy.
All questions
connected with the translation arise at students, both at a basic level, and on
the professional. In this regard I develop various tasks containing expressional
values, selection of compliances of etc. On occupations I apply design
technology to development of skills of the translation, search, self-education
in students. It is sure that the colourful, creative and close translation can
achieve only through constant practical tasks and desires of the student to
master skills of skill of the translation.
Thus, summing up
the result of the aforesaid, it is possible to note that English there are some
groups of words which expressional force is obvious, especially if to compare
them to neutral lexicon. Here the interjections, words possessing only
emotional value enter; the epithets possessing along with emotional, and
subject and logical value. The separate group is made by the words which are
names of various feelings or human qualities as, for example, love, hate, envy,
pain, joy, gaiety, sympathy, etc. These words have a
clear denotative and connotative meanings. All
types of phraseological combinations also bear in themselves an expressional
charge and serve to make the speech emphatic.
References:
1. Appolova M. A. Grammatical
difficulties of the translation – M.: 1977.
2. Barkhudarov L. S. Language
and the translation – M.: 1975.
3. Bankevich V. V. To a
question of a ratio of lexical and semantic groups//Semantics of the word and
offer. – L.: Publishing house, 1985.
4. Barkhudarov L.S. Contextual
word meaning and translation//M. p.238.
5. Barkhudarov L.S. Language
and translation. – M.: International relations, 1975.
6. Berkov V.P. About the
dictionary translations / Skill of the translation – 1971. – M., 1971.
7. Breus E.V. Bases of theory
and practice of translation from English into Russian. – M.: 2001.
8. Breus E.V. Bases of theory
and practice of translation from Russian into English. – M.: 1998
9. V. Gak. Conversations about
the French word. M 1966, p. 129
10. Lebedeva N. M.
Introduction into ethnic psychology. M.1999 p. 23
11. Ufimtseva N. V.
Ethnocultural specifics of language consciousness: The collection of articles
p, 147, 148