Ec, professor F.A. Moiseeva

A.V. Sherbak

Donetsk national university of economy and trade

named after M. Tugan-Baranovsky, Ukrane

The evolution of income

 

In the current economic conditions, characterized by speed and dynamic uncertainties, the company more than ever must carefully treat all aspects of its activities. One of the most important is to get the desired profit margin.

Profit is one of the major categories that reflect the purpose of conduct of any enterprise. It is the most important indicator of the final financial results of industrial and economic activities of the firm, one of the criteria of efficiency. Level of profit affects the financial position of the enterprise on its ability to fund development of production and social sphere, incentive workers.

Therefore it is important to determine the nature of profit, the essence of theoretical foundations of its forms and sources that will enable enterprises to better manage this category of economic activity. Different scholars have different views on profit, not a single, universal definition.

Learning essence of profit as an economic category, a large number of scientists engaged in different periods of society, including: A. Smith, David Ricardo, Karl Marx, J. Shumpetter, F. Larry, R.A. Slav'yuk, A.M. Poddyerohin, R. Partyn, A.D. Sheremet, and others. Thus, it is important that they all considered income of the individual points of view and did not give a comprehensive definition of this category which could display all its diversity.

Our purpose in this article is to examine the evolution of scientific views regarding the definition of the category "income"; processing and grouping of modern approaches to this category of their own definition of profit, which would disclose its economic substance and on existing views of modern scholars.

It should be noted that the very category of "income" has undergone a great transformation apparent in the evolution of economic thought. It was dealt with various economic profit school based on their own positions and opinions, economic development, political attitudes, and development stage of history. These swell the knowledge of economists on this category.

The first attempts to determine the nature and sources of income were made n 16 - 17 century school mercantilists. They believed the foundation area of trade a profit. Instead of mercantilists came physiocracy which saw a revenue base in manufacturing, which was narrowed them to agriculture. At the end of 17 century has become a classic of English school, which withdrew from the sphere of production income. Thus, the leading representatives of this school A. Smith and David Ricardo considered income deduction from the product of workers, and generation of capital [2, 3].

A significant step in comparison with A. Smith and David Ricardo did scientist J.-B. Sei. It defines income as compensation to a businessman for his industrial capacity, but, like his predecessors, could not explain the process of income formation [1]. This could make Karl Marx in his work Capital. He developed a theory according to which profit are prybavochnoyu value that is created by the exploitation of workers [4].

Along with Marxism in the 19 century, came the development of neoclassical and institutional theories. In determining the profits they attached great importance to aspects of uncertainty and risk. Representatives of these trends are: J. Schumpeter, F. Larry F. Knight [1].

Modern views concerning the category "income " are slightly different from the first, but it is a logical extension. It should be noted that the development of theories of profit today in the west and Ukraine is better considered separately because they were formed under the influence of different historical processes.

So Western economists tend to develop a theory of profit economists XIX and early XX centuries, adapting to new conditions of management. Among them are the following: the theory of "capital productivity" theory of "monopoly", the concept of revolution in revenues.

The most famous representatives of modern theory of profit as "monopoly profit" are E. Chamberlain and J. Robinson. They believe that part of XX century market economy reigns monopolistic or imperfect competition, which also affects the profit margins [6].

In domestic literature can provide a large number of scientists involved in theoretical and applied research category of "income". It is important that the Ukrainian scientific and economic opinion formed under the influence of the Soviet system and transition economies 90 years of 20 century. Therefore, we can say that vision are a kind of local scientists and is different from the west.

Thus, the category of "income" serves as a goal, and measure the performance of businesses. In this regard, the development of economic science, he began discussion of its nature and sources of generation.

 

Literature

1.     http://uk.wikipedia.org

2.     Політична економія: Навч. посіб./ за ред. д.е.н., професора Рибалкіна, д.е.н., професора В.Г. Бодрова. – К.: Академ. видавництво, 2007. – 672с.

3.     Управління формуванням прибутку в умовах ринкових форм господарювання: Монографія / Л.Д. Донець, С.М. Баранцева. – Донецьк: ДонНУЕТ, 2008. – 255с.

4.     Мочерний С.В., Мочерна Я.С. Політична економія: Навч. посібник. – 2-ге вид., випр.. і доп. – К.: Знання, 2007. – 684с.

5.     П. Самуельсон Экономика том І / Пер. с англ./ Под общ. ред. В. Алазаров. – М.:НПО «АЛГОН» ВНИИСИ «Машиностроение», 1994.-334с.

6.     Никитин С., Глазова Е., Никитин А. Прибыль: теоретические и практические подходы// Мировая экономика и международные отношения.-2002.-№5.-С.20-27

7.     Башнянін Г.І., Лазур П.Ю., Медведєв В.С. Політична економія. - К.:Ніка-Центр, Ельга, 2000.-527 с.