Borychev S.N., Parshkov A.V., Rembalovich Y.K.

The Ways of Solving the Problem of Mechanized Gathering Potato by Using Different Technologies

Annotation.

Ensuring food security of Russian Federation is one of the main tasks of the Government of Russian Federation. And potato is considered to be “the second bread” for the population of our country. In Russia, as well as abroad, it is important to grow high quality potato and to reduce the cost of production. Today growing potato is a very laborious process, especially the process of gathering potato. Analysing existing scientific and practical problems we marked out the ways of improving different technologies of gathering potato, constructions of harvesting machines and their working bodies.

Key words: technology of harvesting, agro engineering demands, a digger–loader, a potato harvester, a working body.

I. Introduction.

Production of potato is connected with a large number of technological processes. Being one of the most laborious processes gathering potato amounts to 60% of all expenditures of labour connected with the cultivation of this crop. That’s why the problem of mechanized gathering potato remains one of the most difficult scientific and technological problems in cultivation this crop [1].

II. The way a problem is put.

Modern potato harvesters, especially produced in our country, do not meet agro-engineering demands: cleanliness of tubers in containers 97-100%, their damage up to 5% and loss – 4-6% [1]. Agricultural machines produced abroad are more effective but they are not available to Russian farmers because of their high price [2]. So, it is necessary to work out and introduce highly productive and effective working bodies suiting potato harvesters produced in our country used in the farms of RF and neighboring countries thus ensuring minimum of losses and damage of the field. Scientific support and production of new engineering is one of the 5 main principles of the developing of agricultural mechanical engineering in RF up to (the year) 2010 [3].

III. Results. In spite of the fact, that the problem of gathering potato was investigated very thoroughly there still exist a lot of problems connected with the imperfection of the main working bodies. In the whole, the main factors that prevent mechanized gathering potato are the following [1]:

1 – Absence of the means of mechanization for the different technologies of gathering potato and for the work in unfavorable weather conditions;

2 – existing potato harvesters are unable to gather potato in a short period of time because of their low productivity;

3 – having very complicated construction potato harvesters are not reliable;

4 – unsatisfactory level of infrastructure of the farms cultivating potato that influences the storage of the field and as a result increases the expenditures of production.

Two ways of harvesting are the most perspective today. They are:

1 – Harvesting with the help of digger-loaders intended for loading potato into the back of the vehicle in the process of harvesting.

2 – Harvesting with the help of potato harvesters and gathering tubers into the bins. Expenditures of labour are rather low but the quality of harvesting and productivity is rather high [1,2]

The use of digger-loaders is more effective in gathering potato intended for a long period of storage because the level of damage is low in this case.

But root crops require additional cleaning before storage because there is dust in containers. [1,2]

When using combines, the cleanliness of root crops meets agro-engineering demands and this allows to organize the technological cycle – “harvesting” – “transporation” - “But according to this technology the level of damage of tubers during the harvest can be higher then during the utilization of digger-loaders. Besides while suppling the harvest to the consumers without addition al purification even small amount of vegetative (vegetables) and dashes can be unacceptable.

Thus let’s underline two main perspective directions of the issues (research):

1 – For digger-loaders in which allows a little exceeding of agro technical requirements a according to the maintenance (contents) of lashes in containers with tubers, because it is used the technology of the harvesting, foreseeing addition al operations of cleanliness tubers in station are conditions (terms).

2 – For potatoes -Harvesters where it is necessary to separate dashes from tubers. In all cases it is necessary to fulfill agro technical requirements according to allowed level of tubers damage.

According to the required directions of the research for different technologies of harvesting we required, substantiated and inculcated improved (perfected) universal scheme-constructive decisions of working organs, for digger-loaders and potato harvesters, whose usage helped to higher (improve) technical-exploitation all characteristics of machines with their high reliability: perspective is their use in technological schemes of machines and ump crushing working body with active surface (patent RF #2254703) leafy fops removing body of comb type (patent #2225689) and improved organ of the second separation (patent RF #2245011 and patent RF #63637)

IV. Conclusions.

Conclusions according to the economic test, it is determined that the use of potato harvesters and digger-loaders with improved working organs is economically effective on large squares of planting potato, during the field works in limited periods and also when work resourced in farms are limited.

Literature:

1. Petrov G.D. Potato harvesters. M: Mechanical engineering, 1984-320 р.

2. Dragaizev V.I. How effective is foreign engineering? Russian agricultural economics. – 2000. - №10.

3. Erochin M.N. About the development of academicals science // Perspectives of development and academic integration and academic agro engineering science – M: MGAU. – 2001. – P.6. -25.